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2013Multimedia2.02
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Animation | rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions in order to create an illusion of movement |
| Animation | Relies on persistence of vision to create the illusion of movement |
| persistence of vision | early 1800’s, the way our eyes retain images for a split second longer than they actually appear, making a series of quick flashes appear as one continuous picture |
| Persistence of Vision | Using a flipbook; sequential drawing on each page of the flipbook and you flip through the pages rapidly, the drawings appear to move |
| Traditional Animation | cel animation or hand-drawn animation. |
| Traditional Animation | Begins with storyboard; preliminary soundtrack recorded;Penciled drawings by lead animators of keyframes;Pencil tests;in-betweeners draw the frames between the keyframes; The drawings are traced onto cels and painted; Finally, they are photographed. |
| Computer Assisted Animation | computer is used to make the animation process quicker and easier |
| Computer Assisted Animation | Usually involves 2-D images; Can be hand-drawn and scanned into the computer; Can be drawn directly into the computer using graphics tablets |
| Computer Assisted Animation | The images are positioned into keyframes containing the most important movements. Tweening is then performed by the computer to create images between keyframes |
| Computer Assisted Animation | Even though computers are now used extensively, many traditional steps are still used. Storyboarding Pencil Testing Keyframes Tweening |
| Computer Generated Animation | All images, objects and animation are created on the computer. Typically uses 3-D images |
| Computer Generated Animation | Adds two steps to the animation process: modeling and rendering |
| Modeling | process of creating a wireframe structure of the 3-D objects and scenes. |
| Rendering | process of applying colors, textures, shadows, transparency, etc. to create the final image or animation |
| 3-D Graphics and Animation | involves modeling, animation, and rendering |
| 3-D Graphics and Animation | Modeling is creating broad contours and structure of 3-D objects and scenes |
| 3-D Graphics and Animation | Animation is determining the motions of the objects. |
| 3-D Graphics and Animation | Rendering involves determining colors, surface textures, and amounts of transparency of objects |
| Computer Generated Animation | Motion capture can be used to create animation: Actors wear special suits & movements can then be applied |
| Computer Generated Animation | The Polar Express Avatar |
| Traditional animation | the process of creating the illusion of motion by viewing a series of individual drawings successively. |
| Computer animation | creating a digital scene by digitally recording cells, sorting them on an electronic storyboard, and displaying them electronically in succession |
| Frame-by-Frame Animation | Rapidly displaying images, or frames, in a sequence to create the optical illusion of movement. Digital animation...ex: ball bouncing |
| Frame-by-Frame Animation | The quality depends on the frame rate |
| Frame Rate | Frames per Second |
| increase FMS | smoother action |
| Morphing Animation | the transformation of one thing into another; image insert in the beginning and end--then tweening by computer |
| tweening | generation of a sequence of images, each of which is slightly different from the one it follows to gradually morph two objects |
| Morphing | in business, can be used for transitions between web pages or images |
| Path Based Animation | vector animation |
| Path Based Animation | An object follows a path which is a line, or vector, inserted by the animator |
| Path Based Animation | include curves, loops, and angles; computer calculates the correct position of the object as it moves along the path and generates the frames to create the animation |
| Path Based Animation | Vector graphics or animated gifs can be used to create animations with very small file sizes |
| Path Based Animation | banner ads and embedded animations viewed on web sites use this technology because it loads so quickly and is easy to use. |
| Programming or Scripting-Based Animation | Requires knowledge of a programming or scripting language like Javascript |
| Programming or Scripting-Based Animation | Example: Rollover or Mouseover |
| Programming or Scripting-Based Animation | Rollovers are extremely important for navigation buttons on user interface designs. |
| Programming or Scripting-Based Animation | Examples: Web pages; CBT programs;Kiosks;CD-ROM Training; Games;CDs and DVDs |
| Stop Motion Animation | Process of manipulating real-world objects and photographing them one frame at a time |
| Stop Motion Animation | Very popular method with the film industry until computer generated imagery became possible |
| Stop Motion Animation | Now used mainly in clay animation |
| Uses of Computer Animation | Entertainment (films, games,virtual reality), Advertising (banners on web), Selling (showcase products/services), Teaching of concepts/processes, Training |
| Virtual Reality | the use of technology to immerse a user into an artificial environment |
| Virtual Reality | Interaction occurs when the user moves around and manipulates simulated 3D objects in the environment. |
| Virtual Reality | Requires high-quality graphics using 3D technology. Requires high frame rates for smooth motion, and high image resolution for realistic detail |
| Is it appropriate for the target audience? Does it help deliver the message? Is it overused? Does it load quickly? | Four Questions to using animation appropiately |
| 3D Graphics and Animation Software | Xara 3D 3ds Max 4 Maya Blender Flash Cinema 4D |
| 3D Graphics and Animation Software | Create live-action animation Bounce an object Zoom in or out of a scene Fade text or pictures in or out to create other animated effects |
| PowerPoint | to Create Frame by Frame Animation |
| vector file | .wmf files |
| Steps to creating Frame by Frame Animation (PPT) | 1Insert clipart image (vector file);2Ungroup image;3Edit image then regroup;4Copy image & paste onto next slide;5Change image or its location;6Repeat for several slides;7Rehearse timings;8Set Show to run continuously;9Save and preview the animation |
| Create Animated Gifs | Adobe PhotoShop and Gimp |
| Steps to creating Animated Gifs | 1Insert an image; 2Copy it to a different layer and change the image or its position. 3Repeat the layers until you are satisfied. 4Save the file as an animated gif. |
| Methods of computer animations | Frame-by-Frame Animation Morphing Animation – Uses shape tweening. Path Animation - Uses motion tweening. Programming and Scripting-Based Animation Stop Motion Animation |
| Common Terms in Animation Software | Stage;Library;Timeline |
| Stage | part of the animation program window where the animation’s content is composed and manipulated. |
| Library | Stores frequently used graphics, movie clips, and buttons |
| Timeline | The part of the animation program window that organizes and controls an animation’s content over time using layers and frames |
| Timeline | In video-editing software, where source clips, transitions, and audio files are arranged to create the video |
| parts of Timeline | Frame Keyframe Playhead Frames per Second Layers |
| Frames | hold the content that the movie displays or plays at that point in time |
| Frames | The number of ____determines the length of the animation; The higher the number of ____, the longer the animation |
| Regular Frames | Contain one image or frame |
| Keyframes | Shows where the key (most important) actions occur |
| Playhead | Vertical red marker in the timeline that shows which frame is the current frame |
| Scrubbing | Dragging the playhead across the timeline in order to preview the animation |
| Frames Per Second (FPS) | The number of frames that appear in one second of the animation; if animation program produce 12fps and there are 12 frames = 1 second movie |
| Layers | Timeline is divided into ___to help organize content and allow the different ___to be edited separately; adding sound, text, motion path |
| Motion Guide Layer | Layer on which a motion path is drawn |
| “guided layers” | Objects on different layers can be linked to the motion layer so they will follow the motion path...linked together; can include text |
| Guidelines for Designing Animation | 1Insert keyframes with change in action; 2Change keyframes by manipulating objects; 3Add a keyframe at point where animation will stop; 4Allow sufficient time for image to be viewed after the final content change |
| Sound File Formats | MP3 WAV |
| Wave files | highest quality sound |
| WAV (Waveform) | The standard format for sound on computers running the Windows operating system; high-quality sound; Generate large file sizes |
| MP3 | a standard format for music files sent over the Internet that compresses music or other types of audio |
| MP3 | compression process removes sounds that humans cannot hear |
| Keep sound files as small but with quality by | Recording WAV files at a lower quality setting. Using recording or conversion software that will save the sound file in a compressed format such as MP3 |
| Guidelines for Using Sound web site: | keep the overall file size small; faster downloads by using more compact MP3 files and looping a shorter sound segment. |
| Guidelines for Using Sound presentation: | delivered in an auditorium equipped with a high-quality audio system, use the highest quality sound file possible |
| Copyright | only original music can be used in professional productions such as Web animations and presentations |
| Adding Sounds into Computer Animations | Recording sound files Importing sound files |
| Text in computer animations | provides information on the subject of the animation or directions to the viewer |
| Text in computer animations | Font, font size, and font style Change text color and alignment; appear and disappear in selected frames in the movie or presentation; fade in or out; follow a motion path; scroll or change colors; blink on and off; appear one letter or word at a time |
| steps to publishing animations and animated videos | Analyze and optimize the animation. Choose an appropriate file type. Choose the delivery method. Publish the animation |
| Factors that can result in larger file sizes | More movement = larger file size; More objects = larger file size; More colors used = larger file size; Higher FPS = longer animations and larger file sizes |
| Analyze Animations For Potential Problems | determine which parts of the movie are taking the most time to download//streaming connection, look for ways to reduce or control the pauses during download and playback |
| Animation Optimization | Reduce the file size for quicker downloads |
| Animation Optimization | Make the video or animation play more smoothly during playback |
| Animation Optimization | Maintain sufficient quality for viewing |
| Videos can be optimized | anytime or only when they are published |
| Animation File Types | Animated GIF AVI MOV MPEG SWF |
| Audio Video Interleave | AVI |
| Audio Video Interleave | Microsoft’s animation and video format for computers running the Windows operating system |
| Audio Video Interleave | Does not compress animation as much as other formats. Will not play on all operating systems or in all players |
| Graphics Interchange Format (Animation) | GIF animation |
| Graphics Interchange Format (Animation) | can contain 2-D or 3-D images. They are used for cartoons, logos, graphics with transparent areas, and animations |
| Graphics Interchange Format (Animation) | are popular for the use on the Web because small file sizes, Do not require a special plug-in or player, supported by most browsers |
| Apple QuickTime Movie | MOV |
| Apple QuickTime Movie | Files can be either downloaded or streamed. Run on many different operating systems. Must be viewed in the QuickTime player |
| Moving Pictures Expert Group | MPEG |
| Moving Pictures Expert Group | A very compressed video format. Files tend to be much smaller and better quality than other formats |
| Moving Pictures Expert Group | Recommended for videos that will be downloaded instead of streamed because it does not require a specific player or plug-in. |
| Shockwave Flash | SWF |
| Shockwave Flash | File format for animation created with Adobe Flash. Files can contain text as well as both vector and raster graphics; also may include interactive actions written in ActionScript |
| Shockwave Flash | Must be viewed in the Adobe Flash Player |
| Shockwave Flash | Popular format for the Web, File size is small, Support streaming |
| publish | Once videos have been analyzed and optimized to perform best in the intended medium, the next step is to _____ |
| Delivery methods to publish | As part of a Web page; On a CD-ROM or DVD; As executable file which bundles both the animation and the program to play in a single file. |
| When an animation or an executable file is distributed over the Internet, the entire file must be _____before the animation can play. | downloaded |
| Animations distributed as part of a web page can be either | streamed or downloaded |
| Streaming | a technique for transferring audio and video files over the Internet as a continuous stream of data. |
| Streaming Process | Data is held in a temporary storage area called a buffer until it is played by the computer. There will always be an initial delay while the first frame is buffered. |
| Advantages of Streaming | Quick Access - files can start playing as soon as a computer begins receiving the data rather than waiting for the complete file to download before playing. |
| Advantages of Streaming | Data is discarded as it is played so a complete copy of the file is not stored on the viewer’s computer |
| Disadvantages of Streaming | The viewer must be connected to the Internet to view the video. |
| Disadvantages of Streaming | The viewer’s connection speed influences the quality of playback |
| Disadvantages of Streaming | Files cannot be saved and viewed later |
| plug-in | a program that works with the browser to expand its capabilities: Allow it to play video or audio files, Allow it to open certain file types |
| standalone player | a separate program that can play video and audio files without the browser software being open. |
| standalone player | Adobe Flash Player QuickTime RealPlayer Windows Media Player |
| For animations distributed over the Internet | Upload the file to the host computer. Create a link to the file or embed it into the web page. Test the animation in different browsers |
| For animations distributed on CDs or DVDs | Burn the file onto the disk. Finalize the disk. Test the disk in several different CD or DVD players. |
| Factors that influence the delivery of computer animations | Viewer’s bandwidth, or connection speed. Streaming rate. Playback rate. |
| Bandwidth | amount of data that can be transmitted over a network in a given amount of time |
| speed at which data travels over a network depends on: | type of Internet connection for the network. number of users using the network at that specific time |
| Streaming rate | the rate in frames per second at which videos can be downloaded or transferred to a computer |
| Streaming rate depends on: | The viewer’s network connection speed. The content of the video file being downloaded. |
| Playback rate | the rate in frames per second at which the video plays. |
| If a lot of people are using the network at one time, _______ will be available to download the data. | less bandwidth |
| slower | If the streaming rate is ____than the playback rate, the video will pause until more data is received. |
| different file sizes (video) | It is a good idea to provide the video in ______ so viewers can choose the file size best suited for their connection type |
| less bandwidth | cause the streaming rate to be slower |
| less bandwidth | means the playback rate will most likely be slower than the streaming rate; will cause the playback to pause until more data is received. |
| less bandwidth | will cause the playback to pause until more data is received. |
| Animation | simulation of movement created by rapidly displaying images or frames. |
| Frame by Frame Animation | the rapid display of a sequence of still images (2D or 3D) or models in order to create the optical illusion of movement; Example: Flipbook |
| Filters (image editing) | used to blur or sharpen an image, create a mosaic effect, or distort the image with noise |
| Textures (image editing) | nable you to create filters for the colors you use |
| Gradients(image editing) | enable you to stretch an array of values of one color from one side of an image to another |
| Gradients (image editing) | can be a series of slight changes from one shade or color to another or can be more dramatic, moving from a light shade to a very dark one |
| Feathering (image editing) | slightly blurs the edges of an image to create an attractive effect |
| Channels (image editing) | enable you to separate an image into its basic colors; reserved for those with considerable knowledge of color theory |
| Channels (image editing) | RGB can be separated into three _____: red, green,and blue. An image in CMYK can be separated into four ______: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. |
| Channels (image editing) | also used to create masks |
| alpha channel (image editing) | used to create and store masks, which are a means of modifying an image without actually changing the original; specialized channel |
| Masks (image editing) | areas that are selected much as you would use a lasso tool, but this process provides far more control of your image; |
| Masks (image editing) | select an area and then go back and add to or subtract from the selection area because the mask is saved to the alpha channel rather than on the actual image |
| two types of masks (image editing) | quick and alpha |
| Quick masks (image editing) | give you the same control that an alpha channel but they do not save the channel information for another use |
| Layers (image editing) | different levels in a document; in every PhotoShop document there are at least two layers, a background ____and a foreground; opaque while editing otherwise transparent and the layers below show through |
| Blending (image editing) | to create a series of intermediate colors and shapes between two selected objects; also known as morphing |
| Grouping (image editing) | by selecting all of the pieces of the image and using the command, the pieces become one object that can then be manipulated as one unit instead of as many smaller pieces |
| Rasterizing (image editing) | process of converting a vector-based image to pixels; the resulting bitmapped graphics are often called raster graphics. |
| Arranging (image editing) | the process of positioning and orienting objects |
| Arranging (image editing) | another part of _____objects...Setting lighting and cameras is important in establishing a perspective |
| Shading (image editing) | process of assigning surface properties such as color, texture, and finish to an object |
| Shaders (image editing) | surface properties: determine whether an object appears rough or smooth, shiny or dull, transparent or opaque |
| Rendering (image editing) | process of capturing a view of a three-dimensional scene and saving it as a two- dimensional image |
| Rendering (image editing) | produces a two-dimensional,photorealistic, bitmapped image of a scene |
| Slider controls (image editing) | allows to adjust Brightness, Contrast, and Color Correction (hue, saturation, and luminosity) |
| Cropping (image editing) | tool often used to modify a photograph that doesn't quite communicate the message you want; In addition to removing items that you don't want in the photograph, ____will also contribute to a smaller file size |
| Dithering (image editing) | to create the illusion that the converted image has more colors than it really has |
| Anti-aliasing (image editing) | smoothes the lines or transitions between neighboring colors and shapes to give an image a more natural, continuous tone |
| Anti-aliasing(image editing) | blend the edges of the independent images that are added to a collage or to make text more attractive against a colored background. It is also useful for softening distortion in images that have been enlarged |
| Resizing(image editing) | to change the height and width of an image |
| Resizing a bitmap changes(image editing) | its resolution as well as its height and width |
| Aspect ratio(image editing) | the ratio of width to height; prevents distortion when resizing |
| Tweening(image editing) | animation process used to generate keyframes between two images |
| Rollovers(image editing) | use with with navigation buttons; actually two or three images that are controlled by a small program. The program replaces one button image with another one, but it happens so quickly that it looks as if the change has occurred in a single instant |
Created by:
erhk13