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Chemistry Terms
Chemistry Terms and Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | the exactness of a measurement (need two things: true/accepted value and observed/expiremental value) |
| Precision | the closeness of a set of numbers to each other (need several data points) |
| Significant Figures | indicate the precision of a measurement |
| Scientific Notation | shorthand for long numbers... A x 10^n |
| Mass | the quantity of matter an object contains |
| Weight | the pull on an object by gravity |
| Density | how tightly packed the particles of an object are (D = m/v) |
| Volume | how much space something takes up (V = m/d) |
| Specific Gravity | comparison of the density of a substance to the desity of a ref. sub., generally water, at the same temp. SG = den of sub /den of ref (both in g/cm^3) NO UNIT |
| Kelvin conversions | K = C + 273 C = K - 273 |
| Chemistry | the study of the compostion of substances and the changes they undergo |
| Pure chem. | knowledge for its own sake |
| Organic chem. | study of all things with carbon |
| Inorganic chem. | study of all things without carbon |
| Analytical chem. | study of the composition of sub. |
| Physical chem. | study of the behavior of chemicals |
| Biochem. | chem. of living organisms |
| Theory | a tested hypothesis, can't be proved |
| Scientific Law | a statement of a natural fact, no explination |
| Matter | anything that takes up space and has mass |
| Substance | a particular kind of matter that has a uniform and definate composition |
| Physical property | a quality or condition that can be observed or measured w/out changing sub.'s comp. |
| Solid | has definate shape and volume |
| Liquid | has def. volume, no definate shape |
| Gas | no definate volume or shape |
| Vapor | something that is currently in a gaseous state, but is usually liquid or solid at room temperature |
| Mixture | a physical blend of two or more substances |
| Phase | any part of a system with uniform comp and properties |
| Elements | the simplest forms of matter that can exist under normal lab conditions |
| Heat | the amount of energy that is transferred b/c of a change in temp. |
| Isotope | an atom of an element that has the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons (Chemically the same as normal- e + p det. prop.) |
| QMM | Quantum Mechanical Model- the most current model of the atom. It explains the behavior of electrons. Approx. area, rather than exact path. |
| electron configuration | elem. symbol + electrons for each sublevel using superscripts |
| Aufbau's Principle | electrons seek to fill the area with the least energy first |
| Orbital Notation | elem. sybol + lines and arrows to show elec. for each sublevel |
| Pauli's Exclusion Principle | no two elec. can have the same set of quantum numbers (arrows can't point same direction. Up first.) |
| Hund's Rule | when there are several orbitals of equal energy, one electron in each before adding second to any. |
| Valence electrons | the electrons on the highest energy level of an atom |
| Properties of metals | high conductivity, high luster when clean, ductile (can be drawn into wire), malleable (can be flattened), solid at rm. temp. EXCEPT MERCURY |
| Properties of Nonmetals | nonlustrous, poor conductors, some gases, some solids, ONE liquid (Bromine) |
| Mettalloids | on border between metals and nonmetals, properties of both |
| Ion | an atom or group of atoms with a charge, due to extra or missing electrons |
| Cation | positive charge, formed from a metal |
| Anion | negative charge, formed from a nonmetal |
| Compound | composed of two or more different elements chemically combined |
| Molecule | an electrically neutral group of atoms that act as a unit |
| Molecular compound | made up of molecules |
| Ionic compound | made up of ions |
| Solution | another name for a homogeneous mixture |
| Octet Rule | atoms will gain or lose electrons in order to match the nearest noble gas |
| Formula Unit | the lowest whole number ratio of ions in an ionic compound |
| Law of Definate Proportions | the identity of a substance depends on the ratio of its elements |
| Stoichiometry | the calculation of quantities in chemical equations |
| Electronegativity | the tendency of atoms of an element to attract electrons when the atom is chemically combined with another atom. |
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Bookish
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