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Psychology Ch 7
Stack #129574
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cognition | the mental processes that are involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using information and that include sensation, perception, memory, imagery, concept formation, reasoning, decision making, problem solving and language. Thought mental processes. |
| imagery | The representation in the mind of a sensory experience--visual, auditory, gustatory, motor, olfactory or tactile. Picture something in mind. |
| concept | A mental category used to represent a class or group of objects, people, organizations, events, situations, or relations that share common characteristics or attributes. |
| formal concept | A concept that is clarly defined by a set of rules, a formal definition, or a classification system. Not used day to day. |
| natural concept | A concept acquired not from a definition but through everyday perceptions and experiences. Based on life experiences. Based on life experiences. |
| prototype | An example that embodies the most common and typical features of a concept. |
| exemplars | the individual instances, or examples, of a concept that are stored in memory from personal experience. |
| reasoning | A form of thinking in which conclusions are drawn from a set of facts. Reach a conclusion. |
| deductive reasoning | Reasoning from the general to the specific, or drawing particular conclusions from general principles. General beliefs. |
| syllogism | A scheme for logical reasoning in which two statements known as premises are followed by a valid conclusion. Standard car four wheels |
| inductive reasoning | Reasoning in which general conclusions are drawn from particular facts or individual cases. Research experience conclusion can bever be sure. |
| decision making | The process of considering alternatives and choosing among them. |
| additive strategy | A decision-making approach in which each alternative is rated on each important factor afftecting the decision, and the alternative rated highest overall is chosen. |
| elimination by aspects | A decision making approach in which alternatives are eliminated if they do not satisfy a set of factors that have been ordered from most to least important. |
| heuristic | A rule of thumb that is derived from experience and used in decision making and problem solving, although there is no guarantee of its accuracy or usefulness. |
| availability heuristic | A cognitive rule of thumb that bases the probability of an event or the importance assigned to it on its availability in memory. Whats the probability of this happening. |
| representativeness heuristic | A thinking strategy based on how closely a new object or situation is judged to resemble or match an existing prototype of that object or situation. Based on intuition, what we think. |
| framing | The way information is presented so as to emphasize either a potiential gain or a potiential loss as the outcome of a decision based on that information. |
| approach avoidance | want one but not the other one but both go together |
| avoidance avoidance | don't want either but must pick one |
| problem solving | Using thoughts and actions to achieve a desired goal that is not readily attainable. |
| trial and error | An approach to problem solving in which one solution after another is tried in no particular order until an answer is found. Best used with few possibilities |
| algorithm | A systematic, step by step procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem of a certain type if the algorithm is executed properly. |
| working backwards | a heuristic strategy in which a person discovers the steps needed to solve a problem by starting with the solution and working back through the problem. |
| means end analysis | A heuristic strategy in which the current position is compared with a desired goal, and a series of steps is formulated and then taken to close the gap between the two |
| analogy heuristic | a heuristic strategy that applies a solution used for a past problem to a current prolem that shares many similar features |
| functional fixedness | the failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems because of a tendency to view objects only in terms of the customary functions. |
| mental set | the tendancy to apply a familiar strategy to solve a problem even though another approach might be better. |
| linguistic relativity hypothesis | the notion proposedby Whorf that the language a person speaks largely determines the nature of that persons thoughts. |
| The most common two forms of imagery are____ and _____. | visual and auditiory |
| A mental category that represents a class or group of items that share common characteristics or attributes is called a(n) _____________. | concept |
| Concepts learned in school are likely to be _________ concepts, while those acquired through everyday experience are likely to be _______ concepts. | formal, natural |
| A(n) ____________ is the most typical example of a concept. | prototype |
| A person uses _______ reasoning to draw general conclusions from particular facts or individual cases. | inductive |
| Syllogisms involve _______ reasoning. | deductive |
| The ______ strategy allows the more desireable aspects of a situation to compensate for other less desirable aspects. | additive |
| The approach called _____ eliminates options that do not meet the decision maker's most important goals. | elimination by aspects |
| When sales of flood insurance rise dramatically after major flooding; purchasers' decisions to buy it have most likely been influenced by the __________ heuristic. | availability |
| __________ refers to the way information is presented so as to focus on a potiential gain or los. | Framing |
| A(n) _________ is a problem solving strategy that guarantees a correct answer. | algorithm |
| Working backwards and means-end analysis are examples of __________. | heuristics |
| The _____________________ heuristic involves applying a solution that worked for a past problem to a problem that shares many similar features. | analogy |
| Rich uses a wastebasket to keep a door from closing. In solving his problem, he was not hindered by _______. | Functional fixedness |
| programming computers to simulate human cognition is called _______________. | artificial inteligence |
| _______ are primarily used to assist human experts. | Expert systems |
Created by:
sherbrry