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COMD 9-2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Some northern dialects use combinations such as ______, _____, ____, or _______ for second person plural pronouns | you all, you guys, youse, y'uns |
| Specifically, Philadelphians eliminate the object of the preposition "___" | with |
| Vocabulary in Northern dialects includes words such as _____ and _______ for sweet fizzy drinks | tonic, soda |
| People of Northern dialect are likely to use words such as _____, ______, and ______ | grinder, hoagie, hero |
| Persons from areas such as Chicago, Illinois, Ohio, St. Louis, Missouri, and Michigan speak ________ dialects | Midwestern |
| Midwestern dialects tend to merge the /_/ and /_/ vowel sounds: don/dawn= same | o, [o] |
| Three examples of sociocultural dialects are 1)______ _____ _________, _______ ______, and ________ _________ | African American English, Chicano English, and Jewish English |
| AAVE contains many distinct phonological and grammatical ___________ | regularities |
| AAVE speakers may reduce consonant clusters so that old becomes ___, west becomes ____, and kind becomes ___. | ol', wes', kin' |
| Speakers of AAVE may delete the suffix ___ | 's |
| Another common feature of AAVE dialects is phonological _________, whereby ask becomes aks. | inversion |
| Special grammatical constructions in AAVE include the distinct between ______ and ______ forms of the present progressive and copula BE. | habitual, temporary |
| Anita be working is __________ | habitual |
| Anita working is _________ | temporary |
| Another grammatical construction that AAVE speakers sometimes use is syntactic ________, such as "how much it is?" | alteration |
| Some features of ChE include final /z/ ______ in words such as lies and toys | devoicing |
| Some features of CHe include using a tense vowel /i/ instead of its lax _________ | counterpart |
| Jewish English dialect pronunciation includes a hard "g" sound in words like _______, over aspiration of /t/ sounds, and a loud _______ intonation and a fast rate of _______. | singer, exaggerated, speech |
| A _______ is a simplified type of language that develops when speakers who do not share a common language come into prolonged contact. | pidgin |
| Pidgins typically use the _______ of the more _______ of the two languages and the ______ and syntactic structure of the ____ dominant language | lexicon, dominant, phonology, less |
| Regarding Hawaiian Pidgin English that Philippine laborers used in Hawaii prior to 1930s, HPE included lexical items of the more dom. language ______ and syntactic structure of less dom lang ______ | English, Filipino |
| Example of Hawaiian Pidgin English: Omitting copula to be "__ _____ _____" | da lady short |
| Pidgins become _____ when speakers pass them down through generations as a first ________ | creoles, language |
| Before the 1970s, individuals in Nicaragua who were Deaf had little contact with one another because of the lack of a unifying national _________ ________ | education system |
| One way in which researchers can study the evolution of Nic. Sign Language into incre. complex language is by examining the _____ __________ that speakers make | spatial modulations |
| Spatial modulations are grammatical ________ that appear in all sign and spoken languages and perform functions such as indicating number, location, time and the subject or ______ of a verb | elements, object |
| Senghas and Coppola found that newer cohorts of speakers use spatial modulations to indicate ______ _______, whereas their older counterparts do not. | shared reference |
| According to the US CENSUS, almost ___ in ______ people ages __ and older speak a language other than English at home. | one, five, 5 |
| The generic term for people who acquire two or more languages in their life time is _____ ________ _______. | dual language learners |
| _______ is a term that describes the process whereby children essentially acquire ____ languages. | Bilingualism, two |
| _________ refers to the acq. of more than two languages | multilingualism |
| With __________ ___________, the child acquires two or more languages from birth. | simultaneous bilingualism |
| SB occurs in one of two contexts: The child is part of a ______ ethnolinguistic community, or he or she is part of a _________ ethnolinguistic community | majority, minority |
| There are ______ counties in Texas in which more than ____ percent of community members speak Spanish | seven, 80 |
| _______ ________ refers to sequential acquisition of languages | sequential bilingualism |
| Some time ago, Volterra and Taeschner (1978) proposed that bilingual children begin with a ______ language system that combines lexical items from ____ ________ they are acquiring | single, both languages |
| According to Volterra and T, children begin to differen. between lexical items in the two languages but use only a _____ grammatical system. | single |
| According to Volterra and T, between age __ and ___ years, children begin to separate both ____ and ______ systems of the two languages. | 3, 3.5, grammatical, lexical |
| According to the ______ _____ ______ _________, children are NOT bilingual until they successfully ______ between the two languages. | unitary, language ,system, hypothesis, differentiate |
| An opposing view point has emerged that states that bilingual children establish -____ separate language systems from the onset of language acquisition | two |
| Unlike the unitary language system hypothesis, the ____ -_________ ______ ________ does not presuppose that children move through stages to eventually differentiate between languages | dual language system hypothesis |
| Research results thus far favor the _____ ________ ______ -_______. | dual language system hypothesis |
| A study of 24 month old German English bilingual toddlers revealed that their vocabulary size was ___ _______ to the vocabulary size of their monolingual counterparts | not inferior |
| Another way the bilingual children demonstrated language separation was by modifying their language choices ,depending on the ________ | listener |
| A common phenomenon among bilingual individual is _______ ______, or code ________. | code switching, code mixing |
| When the alteration occurs within a single utterance, it is called _________ -________ | intrautterance mixing |
| When the alteration occurs within a single sentence, this is called __________ __________ | intrasentential mixing |
| When the alteration occurs BETWEEN utterances, it is called ____________ -_________. | INTERutterance mixing |
| Children tend to use __________ _________ more often than _______ _______, especially in the one word two word states of development. | INTERutterance mixing, INTRAutterance mixing |
| Bilingual children engage in code switching for three reasons: To fill lexical or grammatical _____. Children tend to code switch more when using their less proficient _______. Second, children may code switch for ________ effect. | gaps, language, pragmatic |
| Children may engage in code switching according to the social _____ of their community | norms |
| __________ ________ _________ (SLA) or L2 acquisition, is the process by which children who have already established a solid foundation in their first language (L1) learn an additional language. | Second Language Acquisition |
| During the process of L2 acquisition, speakers create a language system called an ____________. | inter-language |
| The ________ includes elements of the L1 and the L2, as well as elements found in neither of the two languages | inter-language |
| Language __________occurs once the inter-language stops __________ and L2 learners reach a ______ in their language development | stabilization, evolving, plateau |
| Gass and Selinker (2001) cautioned that because of a lack of research on the extent to which L2 learners experience ________ or ________ plateaus in their development, practitioners should avoid using the term "_______ __________." | language fossilization |
| Language fossilization means to become permanently established in the _________ of a second language in a form that is _____ from the target language norm | inter-language, deviant |
| Learning English as a _____ ______ (ESL) occurs when a person who speaks a ______ language other than English then learns English in the context of an English speaking _______ | second language, first, country |
| Sometimes, people refer to learning English as an ______ language as (EAL) when a person who speaks two or more languages subsequently learns English | additional |
| Within US schooling, the term _______ _____ __________ (ELL) is often used to describe children as having _____ English proficiency. | English language learner, limited |
| ELLS make up ___ percent of pupils in American public schools | 11 |
| _________ and _______ reported having the largest percentage of students receiving services (__% of students in California and __% of students in Texas | California, Texas, 26, 15 |
| Current public policy initiatives that support providing special services to ELLS include the __ ______ ______ ______ Act | No Child Left Behind |
| Current public policy initiatives that support providing special services to ELLS include the ___ ____, which is adm by the US DEPT OF ED's office of English Language Acquisition, Lang. En. and Academic Achievement for Limited English Prof students (OELA) | Title III |
| TITLE III provides _______ to states to implement language programs, as well as ______ based effective professional development to help teachers provide competent ESL instruction. | funding, scientifically |
| Under TITLE III, states may decide on the specific type of education program they want to ________, including the option to implement bilingual or dual lang. programs | implement |
| In some states, such as California via its ______ ______ ____, educational policy stipulates that English should be the official language of instruction. | 1998 Proposition 227 |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Research does not support the benefits of ______ orientations over bilingual orientations | immersion |
| A bilingual orientation is based on the premise that children should _______ skills in their native language and then transition to ________ | English |
| The accumulated research on the benefits of immersion versus bilingual approaches indicates that bilingual approaches are more _______ | effective |
| Language disorder can also be called language ____, language _______, language _______, and language-_______ _________ | delay, impairment, disability, learning disability |
| A fine line exists between a language ______ and a language _______. | difference, disorder |
| Differentiating between language disorders and language difference requires a careful understanding of the ______ _______ in which a child is learning and applying his or her language abilities | cultural context |
| _____ _________ _____ (LLE) occurs in an estimated __ in __ children (19%) | one, five |
| Children with LLE are also called ___ -_______ | late talkers |
| Language production starts to take off at around ___ months, when children typically produce their first word, and by ___ months, child should have acquired a productive vocab of about __ words and acquired two word combos | 12, 18, 50 |
| Children who do not produce two word combos by their second b-day are viewed as ____ talkers | late |
| _____ _______ _______, affects about __-__% of children older than __ years | 7, 10, 4 |
| Primary Language Impairment is also called ______ _______ ________ (SLI) | Specific Language Impairment |
| Babies are considered preterm when they are born at a low (less than ___ weeks) gestational age and or have a low birth weight (less than ____ g) | 37, 2500 |
| About _/_ of preterm children go on to develop _____ | 1/3, SLI |
| In one recent study involving ____ toddlers and preschoolers, researchers compared childrens lang growth in relation to tv watching and adult child ________ taking place | 275, conversations |
| The most important det. of children's language abilities was the the _______ of -_______ taking place in the home | number of conversations |
| One intervention approach is called _________ _______ _________ | Interactive, focused, stimulation |
| IFS is a parent training program that teaches parents ______ ways to interact with their children during conversational exchanges | optimal |
| The basic premise of IFS is to teach parents to provide "frequent, highly _________ presentations of preselected language ________" | concentrated, targets |
| One study of an __ week IFS training program for parents of toddlers showed increase in vocabulary on part of toddlers | 11 |
| ________- ________ - refers to language disorders resulting from or secondary to other __________ | secondary language impairment, conditions |
| Recent estimates from the CDC shows that about ___ in 1000 children exhibit mild to severe ID. | 12 |
| Children with mild disability outnumber those with severe disability by about __ to __. | 3, 1 |
| CDC estimates include children who exhibit autism, estimated to affect about __ in ____ children, or 1% of all children | 1, 110 |
| Between 2002 and 2006, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders increased about ___% across 10 communities | 57 |
| Children are typically diagnosed with SLI after their _rd birthday | 3 |
| __% of kindergarteners with SLI continue to exhibit SLI in the 4th grade | 50 |
| Children with SLI share 5 traits: 1) Areas of strength and ______ | weakness |
| Children with SLI share 5 traits: 2) History of slow vocab development. On average children with SLI produce their first word at __ years of age, non SLI 1 years of age | 2 |
| Children with SLI share 5 traits: 3) Considerable difficulties with grammatical _________ and comprehension | production |
| Children with SLI share 5 traits: 4) Difficult adjusting ________ | academically |
| Children with SLI share 5 traits: 5) Most children diagnosed with SLI have long term difficulties with lang achievement. As many as ___ percent of children who exhibit SLI at kindergarten age continue to adolescence and adulthood with same problems | 60 |
| Catts and coll. found that about __ percent of kindergarteners with language impairment exhibit poor reading skills in second grade | 50 |
| A _______ _________ ________ is a research design in which researchers follow children ____ in time as they develop | prospective longitudinal study |
| Catts and coll studied a sample of ______ kindergartners. From these children a subset of children with language impairment (117) were tested again in 2nd and 4th gr. | 7218 |
| According to Catts and coll, __ percent and ___ percent of kinder. wi/ LI had reading disability in second grade. In contrast only __ percent of children with no history of LI had reading disability | 53, 48, 8 |
| In a __________ _______ ______, researchers follow children across time to identify those who exhibit reading disorders, then look back to see if language impairment was present ______. | retrospective longitudinal study, earlier |
| Scarborough studied ___ children from toddler-hood to second grade. Of the children studied, __% had a reading disability in second grade, with a higher incidence (___% for children with family members who were reading disabled | 78, 36, 65 |
| One study identified six major subgroups of SLI: 1) Verbal ________. expressive. problem with articulation of speech sounds and expressive phonology | dyspraxia |
| One study identified six major subgroups of SLI: 2)_____________________. Expressive. unintelligible speech | phonological programming deficit syndrome |
| One study identified six major subgroups of SLI: 3) ________________________ Expressive/receptive | Phonological-syntactic deficit syndrome |
| One study identified six major subgroups of SLI: 4) | Lexical syntactic deficit syndrome |
| One study identified six major subgroups of SLI: 5) | Semantic Pragmatic deficit syndrome |
| One study identified six major subgroups of SLI: 6) | Verbal auditory agnosia-problems across all lang domains |
| __-__ percent of children with SLI have a sibling or parent with a language disorder | 20, 40 |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder is an umbrella term that includes four conditions: 1) ______ __________ 2) _____, 3) ______ ___________ _______, and 4 ) ________ _________ ___________ | Asperger's Syndrome, autism, childhood disintegrative disorder |
| ASD AFFECTS boys more than girls. In Florida, __ in 1000 boys were affected compared to __ in 1000 girls | 7, 1 |
| Diagnosis of autism requires 3 conditions: 1) impaired social interactions with ____. 2) impairment of _______ skills 3) Restrictive, repetitive, stereotypical ________ | others, communication, behaviors |
| _______ refers to stereotypical repetitions of words and phrases | Echolalia |
| Childhood disintegrative disorder describes children younger than ___ years who develop normally until at least their ___ birthday | 10, 2 |
| Children with disintegrative disorder display loss or regression of skills in two or more of these areas: language, social, skills, bowel and bladder control, play or ______ ______- | motor skills |
| Pervasive Developmental Disorder describes severe problems with social interactions and _______, repetitive behaviors, etc. | communication |
| encephalitis is.... | inflammation of the brain |
| Seizure disorder is seen in ___ of children with autism | 25 |
| Intellectual disability was up until recently referred to as | mental retardation |
| ID can be mild, moderate, severe, or _______ | profound |
| Children and adolescents who have Down syndrome typically produce short sentences (about __ words long) and omit copula and aux verbs (is were does) | 3 |
| For Down Syndrome Child, language __________ is better | comprehension |
| For some individuals with profound ID, an _________ and _________ ________ ______ (AAC) can increase their ability to express themselves | augmentative, alternative communicative system |
| augmentative, alternative communicative system includes pointing to _________ | pictures, etc/ |
| In about ___ to ___ percents of all cases, cause of ID cannot be identified | 30, 40 |
| In about __ to __ percents of cases, ______ damage to the developing fetus seems to be a factor and maternal ingestion of toxins is ___ | 60, 70, prenatal, 30 |
| Fetal malnutrition, prematurity, anoxia, and viral ________ account for __ % OF CASES OF ID | infections, 10 |
| anoxia is lack of _______ to the brain before, during, or following birth | oxygen |
| Environmental influences account for about ___ to ___ percent of all cases of ID | 15, 20 |
| Medical conditions such as trauma, infection, and poisoning cause about _% of all cases of ID, and heredity alone causes __% of all cases | 5, 5 |
| chromosomal abnormality or maternal ingestion of toxins: ___ percent | 30 |
| pregnancy and perinatal problems: __ % | 10 |
| Environmental influences: __ % | 15-20 |
| _____ ______ _______ (TBI) refers to damage or insult to an individuals brain tissue sometime after birth | Traumatic brain injury |
| Regarding TBI, males are affected _____ as often as females | twice |
| Mild injuries are characterized by a ________ and loss of ________ for __ min or less | concussion, consciousness, 30 |
| A severe head injury is accompanied by a _____ for __ hours or more | coma, 6 |
| The MOST common type of TBI is a _______ ______ _______ (CHI) | closed head injury |
| Open head injury tends to cause a more _____ brain injury than that resulting from CHI | focal |
| In both CHI and OHI, the immediate injury to the brain is often accompanied by ______ brain injuries that result from the primary trauma | secondary |
| edema is _______ of the brain tissues | swelling |
Created by:
sarchelj