Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Mini 4 review
blah
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 4 things found in Erythrocytes? | plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, hemoglobin, glycolysis |
| Anisocytosis | unequal size of RBC |
| What allows for biconcave shape of RBC? | Spectrin binds to ankrin to bine integril proteins |
| Hereditary spherocytosis | defective spectrin or ankrin, loose biconcave shape, abnormally fragile and breakdown rapidly |
| What are granulocytes? | neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, don't last past feew days |
| first WBC to show up during infection? | neutrophil |
| Neutrophils use energy from where to generate ATP | glycolosis, so they lack mitochondria, allows them to survive under anaerobic conditions |
| What are azurophilic granules and what are the specific granules in neutrophils? | azurophilic granules: lysosomes and myeloperoxidase, collagenase Specific granules: lysosyme and lactoferrin, collagenase |
| what are the chemotacticall active factors of neutrophils? | C5a intermediates of lipid metabolism: arachidonic acid and leukoteirne B4 (LTB4) -N-formylated oligopeptides (these can also be found in mitochondria--why necrosis causes inflammation) -chemokins/cytokines |
| 4 classic sx of inflamation? | swelling redness heat pain |
| components of acute inflammation | blood vessels increase in caliber to allow more blood flow tight jxn holding endothelial cells loosen neutrophils getting attracted |
| Neutrophil oxidative burst process | carried out by NADPH oxidase: converts O2 to superoxide ion Myeloperoxidase: convers superoxide ion to hydrogen peroxide-->HOCl-->kill bacteria also can't form neutraphil extracellular traps (NETs) |
| What is chronic granulomatous disease? | CGD results from an inability of phagocytes to produce bactericidal superoxide anions. Due to NADPH oxidase enzyme deficiency. get life long bacterial and fungal infxn |
| Eosinophils | bilobed nucleus, pink colored granules fxn in parasitic and phagocytosing ag-ab complexes |
| Eiosinophilia | increase in number of eosinophils in blood associated with parasitic infxn or allergic rxn |
| Specific granule of eosinophil | major basic protein: very alkaline coat the outside of the extracellular parasite this can also damage surround nml tissue |
| Basophils specific granules? | similar to mast cells, have heparin and histamine |
| Basophil vs. mast cell | Mast cells in C.T Basophils in blood |
| Lymphocytes differentiation | only via surface markers tell difference b/w T, B, and null cells. contain no specific granule, have a few azurophilic granule |
| Monocytes in tissue C.T Liver nerve Skin bone | macrophage in C.t Kupffer cell in liver microglia cell in nervous langerhans in skin dendritic in lymphnodes osteoclast in bone |
| Platetlets | are non nucleated, contain lysosomes mitrochondra, ER, golgi and extensive cytoskeleton |
| Platelet factors involved in blood clotting | vWf, platelet factor IV in wound repair: platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B) |
| Fixed cells | fibroblasts, adipose cells, pericytes, mast cells macrophages |
| Transient cells | plasma calls, lymphocytes, granulocytes |
| What 2 muscles form the pelvic diaphragm? | levator ani and coccygeus |
| levator ani muscles are made up of what 3 mucles? | pubococcygeus, puborectalis, and iliococcygeus |
| What is the innervation of levator ani muscle | S4 and the inferior rectal nerve(S2-S4), and coccygeal plexus |
| What muscle is involved in defication | covers and lines most of the lateral wall of the pelvis. -obturator internus exit through lesser sciatic foramen and insert on the greater trochanter of the femur. -action: perform external hip rotation. |
| Bulbospongiosus Origin, Insertion, action, and innervation? | origin: central tendon to dorsum of clitoris in females and root of penis in males. Action: compress vagina orific or compress urethra. innerv: perineal nerve and pudendal nerve |
| Ischiocavernosus origin, insertion, action | o: ramus of ischuium I: near pubic symphysis A: maintains erection of penis or clitoris |
| What are structures located in superficial perineal pouch in both sexes? | ischiovaernosus, bulbospngiosus, superficial transverse perineal muscles, deep perineal branches of the internal pudendal vessel and pudendal nerves |
| What the sex specific muscles located in superficial perineal pouch? | males: root of the penis, bulbous urethra females: clitoris, bulbs of vestibule, greater vestibular gland |
| Whate are structures of deep perineal pouch? | urethra and external urethral sphinter |
| What are deep perineal pouch structres in males? | intermediate urethra, deep transverse perineal muscles, bulbourethral glands, dorsal neurovascular structures of penis |
| What are deep perineal pouch structres in females? | proximal urethra, dorsal neurovasculature of clitoris |
| The superficial perineal space is enclosed by what fascia? | superficial perineal (colles') fascia |
| External urethral sphincter O, I, A, N | O: ischial tuberosity I: surround urethra A: compress urethra to maintain urine continence N: pudenal (S2-S4) |
| Ischioanal fossa boundaries | Ant: sphinter urethae, and deep transverse perineal muscles Post: the gluteus maximus, sacrotuberous lig Superiomedially: anal sphincter and levator ani, lateral: obturator fascia |
| Contents of ischioanal fossa | fat, infrior rects nerves and vessels, pudendal (alcock's) canal: transmits pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels |
| Conjugates (pelvic diameters) | -Transverse 13.5cm -Oblique 12.5 cm -Obstetrical/straight (AP) 11.5 cm – pubic symphysis to promontory |
| Obstetrical/straight measured how? | Measured on index finger although middle finger touches promontory – must be greater than 11.0 cm (since middle finger is 1.5 cm longer than index) |
| How does baby head turn during delievery | In delivery, baby’s head makes 90-degree turn following longest conjugates in different areas (transverse at inlet, oblique in cavity, AP in outlet) |
| Shapes of pelvis | Android (male) – heart-shaped, threat in childbirth Gynecoid – normal female Anthropoid – common in black women, AP oval good in childbirth Platypelloid (rare in both sexes) |
| Spondylolysis | (stress fracture of L5)/spondylolisthesis (with anterior dislocation of lumbosacral joint) – low back pain in adolescents, s/s: change in gait, stiff back/hamstrings |
| during 5th week of development what are the primary organs of hematopoiesis | liver and spleen |
| during the 5th month of developments where does hematopoisis occur | bone marrow |
| What are the 2 components of Red bone marrow? | stroma: where blood cells develop Sinusoids:blood vessels where the mature blood cells enter the blood stream |
| What is kind of cells and fibers make up stoma | reticular celss which give off reticular fibers (type III collagen) |
| Stroma of bone marrow contains what types of collagen and structures? | contains collagen types 1 and II, fibronecti and laminin which with hemonective interact with cell receptors to bind cells to retucular fibers |
| General trend of development of erythroctes | cells get smaller, nucleus condenses and is extruded, loses ribsomes RNA and organelle, grains hgb |
| Erythropoesis stages | Proerthroblast-->basophilic erythroblast-->polychromatophilic erythroblast-->orthochomatophilic erythroblas-->reticulocyte-->erythrocyte |
| Which two stages contain basophilic cytolasm | proerythroblast and basophilic erythroblast |
| which stage does erythoblast enter the bloodstream | reticulocyte |
| what are macrophages called that are located in bone marrow and digest nuclei of eythropoeisis | nurse cell |
| What growth face is secreted to control hematopoesis? | Erythropoetin (EPO) made in kidney ack on CFU-E |
| Granulocytopoises stages: | Myeloblast-->promyelocyte-->myelocyte-->metamyelocyte-->band/stab cell-->mature cells |
| During what stage in granulocytopoesis do you gain azurophilic granules and during which stage do you grain specific granules? | promylocyte: azyrophilic myelocyte: specific granules appear |
| What does shift to he left mean? | large number of band cells of neutrophils appear in the blood: indication of bacterial infection |
| monocytopoiesis progenitor and stages | CFU-GM (same as neutrophil) Promonocyte-->monocyte-->macrohpages |
| Leukemias | leukemia are malgnant clones of leukocyte precursors, usually release large number of immature cells into the blood. |
| Megakaryocytopoises | comes from CFU-Meg -->medgakayoblast: replicates dna--> have demarcation membranes-->become megakaryocyte-->produce platelets |
| What is the fxn of iron? | central electron transfer agen, used as a co-factor, and is important for bulk store -maintain reducing environment in cells |
| What is acute hemolytic transfusion rxn? | mismatch in blood types Sx: fever, chills, nausea, CP, back pain, pain at sit of transfusion, hypotenstion, dyspnea, oligourea, dark urine |
| Delayed hemolytic rxn | mismatched blood from blood groups other than ABO: no preformed Ab -low grade fever, maliase, weak, light anemia, hyperbilirubinemea (2 weeks after) not severe -slow production of ab |
| Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion rxn | giving plasma: no RBC breakdown, but there is breakdown of WBC -Sx include little fever and chills and it happens soon after transfusion -due to mistmatch of MHC/HLA -happens in repeat recepients |
| Epitaxis | gene modifier, result in reduced penetrance -interaction b/w non allelic genes that are in 2 different places |
| What makes A, B, O blood group and blood Oh | A: N-acetylgalactosomine B: D-galactosomine o: lace of galactosyl transferase |
Created by:
afiahmed