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history ch1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hominins | forerunners of humans after genetically splitting from chimpanzees |
| where did the hominins live? | East Africa |
| How long ago did the hominins split from the apes? | 7 million years ago |
| paleoanthropologists | archaeologists and researchers of fossils |
| What caused the split between apes and hominins? | changes in the climate between warm and cool cycles |
| How were the changes in the climate in Africa reflected? | rain forests retreating and advancing |
| WHat specimen is close to the ape-hominin split? | Toumai |
| Why are Orrorins considered to be the first hominins? | their anatomical differences from apes and dental characteristics similar to modern humans |
| australopiths | prehuman species that existed before those classed under the genus homo |
| How old are the australopiths? | 3.9-3.0 million years |
| Why are we certain of the date ranges when australopiths existed? | two finds: a set of fossilized footprints in Kenya and an almost complete skeleton in Ethiopia called Lucy |
| bipedalism | the first human characteristic of hominins, the ability to walk on hind legs |
| What kind of human made Oldowan tools? | homo habilis |
| Oldowan | earliest stone carving technique, which consisted of splitting a stone into two, thereby producing sharp edges on both fragments |
| Paleolithic | Old Stone Age, 2.5 million - 11,500 years ago |
| name of the humans who adapted to the greater demands of mobility with long legs and comparatively shorter arms | homo erectus or homo ergaster |
| characteristics of homo erectus | no longer lived in trees, stabilized on their feet, long distance walkers, mastered control of fire |
| How large was the brain of the homo erectus? | 75 percent of that of the fully evolved homo sapiens |
| How did the homo erectus line spread 1.8 million years ago? | they crossed the Suez land passage that connected Africa with Southwest Asia |
| Acheulian | a technique which consisted of flaking a hard piece of rock on both sides into a triangle shaped hand axe with cutting edges, a hand held side, and a point. |
| type of human that used Acheulian techniques | homo erectus |
| What kind of human did that Australian-Indonesian archaeological team discover the bones of in an Indonesian cave? | homo floresiensis or hobbits |
| What is one possible reason why the homo erectus may have shrunk to the size of the homo floresiensis? | isolation |
| What was another name for the "hobbits"? | ebu gogo |
| What two characteristics distinguished homo sapiens from homo erectus? | rapidly developing technical skills and cultural creativity |
| When did homo sapiens first appear and where? | 280,000 years ago in east Africa |
| What is the oldest specimen of homo sapiens discovered so far? | a fossil discovered in 1967 in Ethiopia and dated to 195,000 years ago |
| How did early humans get food? | scavenging meat from carcasses with the help of stone scrapers |
| Levallois | a stone technique where stone workers first shaped a hard rock into a cylinder or cone |
| Who created the Levallois technique? | homo sapiens |
| What indicated that homo sapiens was emerging as an efficient hunter of animals? | the appearance of spear points and increasingly large number of animal bones in archaeological sites |
| Where did homo sapiens live? | sheltered place provided by cave entrances and rock overhangs, and hut like shelters made from branches |
| What was homo sapiens clothing like? | skins and furs acquired through hunting hung around the body |
| When did food gathering in the homo sapiens camps appear to become more varied? | 120,000 years ago |
| How did the diet of homo sapiens change? | they began to collect shellfish and fish |
| What marked the beginning of human interaction? | the appearance of trade networks |
| What did scholars in the early nineteenth century speculate about gender relations among early humans? | men and women had no steady partners, and then the society became female dominated |
| What kind of society did Marija Gimbutas write about? | a matristic society in Russia prior to 4500 BC which was egalitarian, peaceful, and goddess oriented |
| What are some theories about where male dominance came from? | it came with the rise of horseback riding herders from the southern Russian steppe who were bent on conquest, it began around the same time that warring kingdoms emerged in the Middle East |
| When did homo sapiens first start creating jewelry? | 135,000 years ago |
| When did grave sites first appear? | 90,000 years ago |
| What was the significance of jewelry making among early humans? | it showed that they were using symbols |
| When did the first group of modern humans leave Africa? | between 80,000 and 60,000 years ago |
| How do most scholars assume the first humans got to Asia? | by crossing the straits between Ethiopia and Yemen and between Oman and Iran. |
| what was the name of the land mass that Australia was a part of? | Sahul |
| What was Sahul made of? | New Guinea, Australia, and Tasmania |
| What was the terrain like in each area of Sahul? | north- rain forest, east- forest, bush, and grassland, center- deserts, lakes, steppes, and grassland, south- temperate climate |
| Aboriginals | the original settlers of Australia, who arrived 60,000 years before European settlers at the end of the 18th century BC |
| Why were Australia's animals different from those in Africa and South Asia? | the continent's early separation from South Asia and its small size |
| spear throwers | short sticks with a curve or hook on the end to extend the length of the thrower's arm and give additional power to the flight of the spear |
| What were women responsible for doing in early Australia? | collecting fruits and vegetables |
| What were the main staple foods in Australia? | millet and rice |
| What were the main fruits and vegetables in Australia? | solanum, yam daisy, quandong |
| What plant did the Australians use as firewood? | eucalyptus |
| Why did foraging remain the dominant mode of subsistence in Australia? | lack of types of grain |
| What were marriages like in the early Aborignal society? | monogamous |
| clan | unit in which all families considered themselves to be a descendent of a common ancestor |
| Dreamtime | the ancient period in which the tribe's past was embedded, consisting of the stories, customs, and laws which defined the tribe in its original perfect state at the time of creation |
| Why did Aboriginal societies remain stateless? | no agricultural surplus, no trade beyond exchange of obsidian, tools, and weapons |
| Where are the majority of Aboriginal rock paintings located? | remote places in the countryside called the outback |
| What are the best known Australian rock paintings? | the Bradshaw paintings in the Kimberley region |
| What are the two major stylistic periods that the Bradshaw paintings are classified into? | indentations, grooves, and animals; and elongated human figures with tassels or sashes, fruits and vegetables resembling human figures, and clothespin and stick figures |
| Why are the Bradshaw paintings hard to date? | none of the places where they have been found had any material that could be carbon dated |
| Neanderthals | a human species in Europe 35,000 years ago that descended from ancestors of homo erectus in Africa |
| Cro Magnon | another name for homo sapiens |
| How were Neanderthals different from modern humans? | smaller, more heavily boned |
| What happened to the Neanderthals? | they were absorbed into the modern human genome |
| What is the oldest known homo sapiens rock carving? | a small ivory figurine of a mammoth found in Vogelherd Cave in Southwestern germany |
| What are some ideas of how Venuses were used? | fertility goddesses, dolls for children, representations of relatives |
| Where are the oldest rock paintings in Europe? | Chauvet Cave in France |
| What showed that the rock painters were technically versatile? | they knew how to mix colors to make paint, they sketched the images before painting them, they used protrusions in the rock walls to enhance three dimensionality |
| When was the first Ice Age? | 70,000 to 60,000 years ago |
| What happened to the world during the first Ice Age? | large parts descended into a deep freeze or became bone dry |
| What areas were abandoned by humans in the Ice Age? | northern European and Russian plains |
| When did humans domesticate the dog? | 15,000 years ago |
| Why did the range for trading expand during the Ice Age? | innovations like the canoe |
| Why did land bridges form during the Ice Age? | sea levels dropped by 450 feet, exposing them |
| What was the name of the land bridge connecting Asia and North America? | Beringia |
| Why is it unknown whether there was a human presence on Beringia? | the land is now submerged by the sea |
| How did a migration from Alaska to the rest of North America occur? | a glacier split in the Canadian province of Alberta |
| What are the spear points that have been found all over North America called? | Clovis points |
| Why is it unknown whether humans sailed down to Washington State about 16,000 years ago? | the coastline was further out than it is today, so settlements would be underwater. |
| What are two famous Native American fossil specimens? | Spirit Cave Mummy and Kennewick man |
| What type of people did the Spirit Cave Mummy and Kennewick man descend from ? | Ainu |
Created by:
22oblina