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Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the nervous system responsible for | control and integration of the various parts and activities of the body |
| What is the nervous system composed of | neurons and neuroglia |
| What are the two systems that make up the nervous system | central nervous system, peripheral nervous system |
| What makes up the central nervous system | brain and spinal cord |
| What makes up the peripheral nervous system | "everything else" -anything that comes off the CNS |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there | 31 |
| How many pairs of cranial nerves are there | 12 |
| What does the somatic nervous system control | voluntary activities |
| What does the autonomic nervous system control | involuntary activities (automatic) |
| What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system | parasympathetic, sympathetic |
| What does parasympathetic do | rest and digest |
| What does sympathetic do | fight or flight |
| What are the two pathways off the brain and spinal cord | sensory and motor pathways |
| What are the two systems that come off the motor pathways | autonomic nervous system, somatic nervous system |
| Is autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary | involuntary |
| Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary | voluntary |
| What are the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system | sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric |
| What does enteric involve | intestines |
| Structural and functional unit of the nervous system | neurons |
| What is responsible for reception, integration, transformation, and transmission of information | neuron |
| What are the three components of the neuron | cell body, dendrites, axons |
| Where is the cell body located | gray matter of the CNS |
| Collections are called ___ in the PNS and ___ in the CNS | ganglia, nuclei |
| Where is the nucleus located | cell body |
| Carry impulses towards the cell body | dendrites |
| Carry impulses away from the cell body | axons |
| What brings multiple impulses into the cell body | dendrites |
| What speeds up production of things | myelin |
| What are the three classifications of neurons | Unipolar (pseudounipolar) neurons, bipolar neurons, multipolar neurons |
| What are the characteristics of a unipolar (pseudounipolar) neuron | have one process that divides into a central branch (functions as an axon) and a peripheral branch (functions as a dendrite) |
| What are the examples of unipolar (pseudounipolar) neurons | sensory neurons in the PNS, spinal, and cranial nerve ganglia |
| What are the characteristics of bipolar neurons | have two processes (1 axon, 1 dendrite) that contains a neuron in the middle of the axon and dendrite |
| Bipolar neurons are largely ___ | sensory |
| What are the examples of bipolar neurons | found in olfactory epithelium, the retina of the eye, and the inner ear |
| What are the characteristics of multipolar neurons | contain several dendrites and only one axon, most common in the CNS |
| What are examples of multipolar neurons | motor cells found in the anterior/lateral horns of the spinal cord and autonomic ganglion cells |
| Where are sympathetic nerve system nerve cell bodies found | lateral horns |
| Collection of nerve cell bodies found within the CNS are ___ | nuclei |
| Collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS are ___ | ganglion |
| What do the peripheral axon terminals connect to | the next cell body |
| Is the multipolar neuron a motor or sensory neuron | motor |
| Is the pseudounipolar neuron a motor or sensory neuron | sensory neuron |
| What are the support cells of the nervous system | neuroglia |
| In the CNS, neuroglia include: | oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia (myelin) |
| In the PNS, neuroglia include: | satellite cells, schwann cells, (myelin) |
| Help form barriers (for example: blood-brain barrier) | astrocytes |
| Play a role in myelin formation in the CNS | oligodendrocytes |
| Phagocytize neuronal waste products (eat foreign debris) | microglia |
| Play a role in myelin formation in the PNS | schwann cells |
| Found in the PNS but function similarly to the astrocytes | satellite cellls |
| Form sheathes around axons; help speed conduction of impulse responses | myelin |
| What parts of the neuroglia form myelin | oligodendrocytes, schwann cells |
| What does GSA, GSE, GVA, and GVE stand for | GSA-general somatic afferent, GSE-general somatic efferent, GVA-general visceral afferent, GVE-general visceral efferent |
| Afferent or Efferent carry impulse toward nervous system | afferent |
| Afferent or Efferent carry impulse away from nervous system | efferent |
| Afferent carries impulse toward nervous system (sensory or motor) | sensory |
| Efferent carries impulse away from nervous system (sensory or motor) | motor |
| GSA, GSE, GVA, GVE-transmit pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception from the body to the CNS | GSA |
| GSA, GSE, GVA, GVE-carry motor impulses to skeletal muscles of the body | GSE |
| GSA, GSE, GVA, GVE-carry sensory impulses from the viscera (organs) to the CNS | GVA |
| GSA, GSE, GVA, GVE-stretching, irritation of organs | GVA |
| GSA, GSE, GVA, GVE-transmit motor impulses to the smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, and glandular tissue | GVE |
| All autonomics are what kind of fiber | GVE |
| List the seven functional components of peripheral nerves | GSA, GSE, GVA, GVE, SSA, SVA, SVE |
| What does SSA, SVA, and SVE stand for | special somatic afferent, special visceral afferent, special visceral efferent |
| SSA, SVA, SVE-convey special sensory impulses of vision, hearing, and equilibrium to the CNS | SSA |
| SSA, SVA, SVE-transmit smell and taste sensations to the CNS | SVA |
| SSA, SVA, SVE-conduct motor impulses to the muscles of the head and neck | SVE |
| SSA, SVA, SVE-these arise from branchiomeric formed structures (special formation from pharyngeal arches during embryological development) | SVE |
| SSA, SVA, SVE-include the muscles for mastication, facial expression, and to the pharynx and larynx | SVE |
| Taste and smell are more ___ than ___ | visceral, sensation |
| The radial nerve spans from what to what | C5-T1 |
| What three systems is the autonomic nervous system divided up into | sympathetic division, parasympathetic division, enteric division |
| What is another name for the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system | thoracolumbar |
| What is another name for the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system | craniosacral |
| What two neurons does the autonomic nervous system consist of | preganglionic (presynaptic) fibers, postganglionic (postsynaptic) fibers |
| Where are the preganglionic nerve cell bodies located | in the lateral horn of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord |
| Where does the lateral horn span | T1-L2 or L3 |
| What is the lateral horn also known as | the interomediolateral gray column |
| What are the three things that preganglionic fibers can pass through | ventral roots, spinal nerves, white rami communicantes |
| The white rami communicantes connect the ___ to the ___ | spinal nerve, sympathetic chain |
| Once the preganglionic fibers have passed through its three options, what are its three options to do for its synapse | 1-synapse on the sympathetic chain, 2-can travel up or down the chain to synapse at a remote ganglion, 3-travel through the splanchnic nerves along major blood vessels in the abdomen |
| Postganglionic fibers travel from ___ to their destination | ganglia |
| The postganglionic fibers can supply what three things; secretory fibers, motor fibers, vasomotor | secretory fibers to sweat glands, motor fibers to the arrector pili muscles in the skin, vasomotor to the blood vessels |
| Postganglionic fibers can hitch hike to ___/___ for feedback | organs/glands |
| What system is responsible for acting in emergency situations | sympathetic |
| Name the four things that happen in fight or flight response | increase heart rate, inhibit GI motility & secretions, dilate pupils, increase respiration |
| What sits on top of the vertebra (typically sit on top of aorta) | prevertebral ganglion |
| Name the four courses taken by presynaptic sympathetic fibers within the sympathetic trunks | 1-ascend and then synapse, 2-synapse at level of entry, 3-descend and then synapse, 4-pass through sympathetic trunk without synapsing to enter an andominopelvic splanchnic nerve |
| In parasympathetic nervous system, preganglionic nerve cell bodies arise from what | brainstem and sacral part of the spinal cord |
| In the parasympathetic nervous system, preganglionic nerve cell bodies arise from the brainstem via what | cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10 |
| In the parasympathetic nervous system, preganglionic nerve cell bodies arise from the sacral part of the spinal cord via what | pelvic splanchnic nerves S2-S4 |
| The parasympathetic system is characterized by having what types of presynaptic and postsynaptic fibers | long presynaptic, short postsynaptic |
| Post ganglionic fibers travel from a ___ to their destination | ganglia |
| The parasympathetic nervous system involves the walls of ___, but unlike sympathetic system, it does not go into the ___ or ___ | organs, skin, periphery |
| Which system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis | parasympathetic |
| What is the nickname for the parasympathetic system | rest and digest |
| What are the two main actions of the parasympathetic system | decrease heart rate, increase GI motility and secretions |
| What cranial nerve involved in parasympathetic innervation, supplies the organs of the body | vagus |
| Where does the vagus stop innervating, and what takes over and where | left colic flexure, sacral nerves take over at the distal large intesting |
| What organ parts do the sacral nerves supply | distal large intestine, rectum, bladder, penis, clitoris |
| What are the four ganglions involved in parasympathetic system | ciliary ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, otic ganglion, submandibular ganglion |
| What does the enteric nervous system consist of | enteric ganglia, plexus of the GI tract |
| What are the two plexi that are responsible for control of the motility and secretions of the GI tract in the enteric nervous system | myenteric (auerbach's) plexus, submucosal (meissner's) plexus |
| What plexus is responsible for peristaltic movements | myenteric plexus |
| What plexus is responsible for secretions of the glands within organs | submucosal plexus |
Created by:
hakej