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Dev Psych exam 2
Stack #128856
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The cerebral cortex | is sensitive to environmental influences for a longer period of time than any other part of the brain. B |
| Between birth and two years, | the sleep-wake pattern increasingly conforms to a night-day schedule. C |
| In cultures where cosleeping is common, | parents and infants usually sleep on hard surfaces, such as floor mats or wooden planks. C |
| In the United States | toddlers consume 30 percent more calories than they need. A |
| An infant smiles in response to his mother's smile. The mother looks at him and smiles again, thus encouraging his behavior. This is an example of | operant conditioning. C |
| A mother refuses to cuddle a child who whines constantly and the occurrence of whining subsequently decreases dramatically. The mother has just used a mild form of | punishment. C |
| Research on hearing demonstrates that newborns | can distinguish nearly all sounds in human languages. C |
| Infants experience with ________ is linked to the development of their refusal to cross the deep side of the visual cliff. | crawling. D |
| Which picture is newborn Bjorn most likely to prefer to look at? | a face-like drawing with simple features. D |
| According to Piaget's theory, during periods of rapid cognitive change | accommodation predominates over assimilation. D |
| In Piaget's theory, when children are in a state of disequilibrium, | they realize that new information does not match their current schemes. D |
| Tertiary circular reactions differ from primary and secondary circular reactions in that they are | experimental. D |
| In the violation-of-expectation method, ________ suggests that the infant is surprised at a deviation from physical reality. | recovery to the impossible event. D |
| Which of the following measures of infant performance best predicts childhood intelligence? | habituation and recovery to novel visual stimuli. D |
| Two-year-old Colin said "kiss booboo" to indicate to his mother that he wanted her to kiss the finger that he just pinched in the door. Colin's utterance is an example of | telegraphic speech. C |
| Studies show that children with an expressive style of language learning | tend to be highly sociable. C |
| Which of the following is supported by research on child-directed speech? | When signing to their babies, deaf mothers show a style of communication similar to child-directed speech. B |
| In Erikson's theory, the conflicts of toddlerhood are resolved favorably when parents | provide suitable guidance and reasonable choices. A |
| _________ is evoked by the human face and first appears between ________ of age. | the social smile; 6 and 10 weeks. B |
| At 8 months, Lucinda, who had always been a friendly baby, began showing signs of fear when an unfamiliar person entered the room. Lucinda was exibiting | stranger anxiety. A |
| Research on depression shows that | depresed mothers view their infants more negatively than do independent observers. D |
| Infants raised among the Efe hunters and gathers of Zaire, Africa, show little stranger anxiety because | a collective caregiving system exists. A |
| To try to get 1-year-old Jack to eat fish, his parents both acted delighted with the fish on their dinner plates. Jack's parents were using ________ to try to influence his preferences. | social referencing. B |
| __________ are examples of self-conscious emotions. | Shame and embarrassment. D |
| Self-conscious emotions differ from basic emotions in that self-conscious emotions | require socialization experiences in order to develop. B |
| Which of the following is true regarding emotional self-regulation? | collectivist cultures usually discourage the expression of strong emotion in infants. A |
| In Thomas and Chess's research, __________ children are at high risk for anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood. | difficult. D |
| longitudinal research on temperament indicates that | child rearing plays an important role in modifying biologically based temperamental traits. A |
| According to the goodness-of-fit model, infants with dificult temperaments are often at risk for later adjustment problems because | these children frequently experience parenting that fits poorly with their dispositions. B |
| One-year-old Jacob has developed a strong, affectionate tie to his mother. He feels great pleasure when he is with her and is comforted by being near to her. This is an example of | attachment. C |
| A famous experiment of rhesus monkeys reared with terrycloth and wire-mesh "surrogate mothers" provided evidence that | the development of emotional ties between infant and mother does not depend on hunger satisfaction. C |
| Three-year-old Brooke knows that her mother will pick her up from daycare every day after snack and seeks her comfort whenever she is in an unfamiliar or stressful situation. These examples show that Brooke has developed | an internal working model. B |
| _________ is an important determinant of attachment security as measured by the Strange Situation. | the extent to which the child uses the parent as a secure base to explore an unfamiliar setting. A |
| In the Strange Situation, Alex sticks close to his mother, fails to explore, and cries uncontrollably when she leaves the room. Alex resists being picked up and cries despite his mother's efforts to comfort him. Alex is demonstrating _____ attachment | resistant attachement. A |
| Compared with securely attached infants, avoidant babies tend to receive _________ care. | overstimulating. D |
| Parents who exhibit objectivity and balance in discussing childhood experiences, regardless of whether they were positive or negative, tend to have infants wo display a(n) ________ attachment. | secure. C |
| Which of the following is supported by research on brain lateralization and handedness? | A strong hand preference reflects the individual's dominant cerebral hemisphere. B |
| Myelinization of the _______ throughout early childhood and into adolescence contributes to imporvements in sustained, controlled attention. | reticular formation. B |
| During a ________ task, 4-year-old Marissa is asked whether there are more oranges or fruits in a group of 2 apples, 3 bananas, and 5 oranges. She will most likely say _______. | class inclusion; there are more oranges. D |
| Children who are trained to use complex sentences with mental state words are more likely to pass _______ tasks. | false-belief. B |
| One reason that many Head Start children experience an eventual washout effect is that many | enter low-quality public schools. B |
| Erikson regarded ______ as a central means through which young children find out about themselves and their social world. | play. A |
| If you asked 4-year-old Kate to tell you about herself, she would probably describe herself in terms of | observable characteristics. B |
| Studies of self-esteem demonstrate that preschoolers | usually rate their own ability as extremely high. D |
| Which of the following is supported by research on understanding emotion? | Preschoolers who are securely attached to their mothers better understand emotion. A |
| When guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not accompanied by shame, it is related to | good adjustment. A |
| When parents model sympathy, teach the importance of kindness, and intervene when a child shows inappropriate emotion, their children | tend to show high levels of sympathetic responding. C |
| Vinny and Marguerite are both building towers from the same large pile of blocks, but they do not talk to each other or direct each other's activities. They are enganged in ________ play. | parallel. D |
| Which of the following is supported by research on peer interaction during the preschool years? | nonsocial activity is the most frequent form of play among 3- to 4-year-olds. B |
| Both psychoanalytic and social learning theory regard moral development as resulting from | modeling of behavior by adults. D |
| Which of the following parental reactions is an example of induction? | "your brother is crying because you took his book." B |
| Warmth and responsiveness, competence and power, and consistency between assertions and behavior are all | characteristics that increase a child's willingness to imitate a model's behavior. D |
| Which of the following is supported by research on punishment? | children who are repeatedly punished often avoid interacting with the punishing adult. B |
| Janelle threw a temper tantrum, so her mother made her sit at the bottom of the stairs until she was ready to act appropriately. This techneique is known as | time out. C |
| One characteristic of positive discipline is | letting children know ahead of time how they are expected to act. B |
| Research on punishment shows that spanking | is associated with a rise in problem behaviors if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive. B |
| Lauren says to her playmates, "Don't let Renee play with your dolls. She'll steal them." This is an example of ________ aggression. | relational. A |
| Research shows that _______ aggression declines during the preschool years; whereas, __________ aggression increases over the early and middle childhood. | instrumental; hostile |
| Which of the following is supported by research on viewing television violence? | time spent watching TV in childhood and adolescence predicts aggressive behavior in adulthood. A |
| The case of David Reimer, the boy who was raised as a girl after a circumcision accident, demonstrates | the impact of sex hormones on a person's sense of self as male or female. B |
| Preschooler's same-sex peer groups | strengthen gender-stereotyped beliefs and behaviors. A |
| The authoritative child-rearing style is linked to | high self-esteem, moral maturity, and favorable school performance. C |
| Marcella is anxious and unhappy. She is low in self-esteem and self-reliance and tends to react with hostility when frustrated. She most likely has parents who have a(n) ______ style of child rearing. | authoritarian. D |
| ________ parents often engage in __________. | Authoritarian; psychological control. B |
| Research on child maltreatment shows that | abusive parents respond to stressful situations with high emotional arousal. C |
| An important reason why the child abuse rate in the United States is particularly high is that | violence is viewed as an acceptable solution to problems. B |
Created by:
vojtek