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BSC2085 Exam 3

TermDefinition
Bone (or Osseous Tissue) is what tissue type? Made up of? Connective. Cells and Matrix.
The bone is covered with an external sheath called.. which has.. Periosteum...tough outer fibrous layer of collagen and inner layer of osteogenic
The internal surface of a bone is lined with.. which is.. Endosteum... a thin layer of reticular connective tissue
The four types of cells found in osseous tissue are.. osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
Osteogenic cells are.. that undergo.. and differentiate into.. stem cells... mitosis... osteoblasts
Osteoblasts are what kind of cell? bone-forming cells
Osteocytes are.. mature osteoblasts that have become stuck in their own matrix
Osteoclasts are what kind of cell? and are similar to what cell? bone-dissolving cells. blood cells.
Each stem contributes a.. so the mature osteoclasts is.. nucleus... large and multinucleated
The side of the cell facing the bone surface has a ruffled border that increases.. and thus enhances.. cell surface area, efficiency of bone resorption
The matrix of osseous tissue consists of.. 1/3 organic matter and 2/3 inorganic matter
The organic matter is synthesized by osteoblasts and includes.. collagen, glycosaminoglycan, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins
The inorganic matter consists mainly of.. which is.. hydroxyapatite.. crystalize calcium phosphate salt
There are two kinds of bone marrow.. (color) red and yellow
Red bone marrow is.. Hemopoietic (blood producing)
Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of.. and is not.. adipose tissue... Hemopoietic (blood producing)
The red marrow is limited to.. skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, partially pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of humerus and femur
The formation of the bone is called...or.. ossification..osteogenesis
Bone develops by two methods: intramembranous and endochon
Intramembranous Ossification produces what parts of the body? flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle
Endochondral Ossification produces what parts of the body? and develops from what? everything else (not the flat bones of the skull and the clavicle). preexisting model composed of hyaline cartilage
Resorption is.. the process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream
Bone resorption is carried out by the.. osteoclasts
Mineralization is the.. crystallization process in which ions are taken from blood plasma and deposited into the skeleton
Mineralization is carried out by the.. osteoblasts
Hypocalcemia (Def, cause, leads to+Def) Calcium deficiency. EXCESSIVE EXCITABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Muscle tremors, spasms, or TETANY. Tetany: inability of a muscle to relax
Hypercalcemia (Def and causes) NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSION, muscle weakness, sluggish reflex, and cardiac arrest
Calcium homeostasis is regulated by three hormones: calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone
Calcitriol and parathyroid both _____ blood calcium concentration Increase
Calcitonin _____ blood calcium concentration Decreases
If a hormone INCREASES OSTEOBLAST ACTIVITY, then blood calcium levels will ____. Why? decrease. More cells = More used up calcium used for bone
Decreasing osteoblast activity would cause blood calcium levels to _____. Why? increase. Less cells = Less used up calcium for bones
How do Osteoclasts increase or decrease calcium? They decrease calcium from the skeletal bone and release them into the bloodstream. So.. + Osteoclasts = + Calcium in Bloodstream - Osteoclasts = - Calcium in Bloodstream
Abnormal calcification of tissues is called what ossification? ectopic ossification
A calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ is called a calculus
Osteoporosis literally means... "porous bones"
Who are at most risk of Osteoporosis? Why? Postmenopausal white women. Lack of estrogen secretion (which controls osteoclast activity)
Any point where two bones meet is called.. or.. Joint or Articulation
The study of join structure, function, and dysfunction is called.. Anthrology
The four kinds of joints are.. Bony, Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
In a FIBROUS JOINT adjacent bones are bound by what fibers? Collagen fibers
There are three kinds of fibrous joints: sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses
Sutures bind the bones of the ____ together Skull
The attachment of a tooth to it's socket is.. Gomophosis
In a syndesmosis, two bones are bound together by.. longer collagenous fibers
The most familiar joint type is.. which is covered by.. which are separated by.. synovial joint... articular cartilage... joint cavity (a narrow space)
Within the joint cavity (narrow space) is a slippery lubricant called.. synovial fluid
A connective tissue __(__) __ encloses the cavity and retains the fluid. It has an outer __ __ and inner, cellular ___ ___ A joint (articular) capsule. Fibrous capsule. Synovial Membrane
The synovial fluid nourishes.. removes.. and lubricates articular cartilage... waste... joint for friction-free movement
A bursa is a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid
The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called the.. and its cytoplasm is called.. sacrolemma..sacroplasm
Within the sacroplasm are.. (3) myofibrils, glycogen, myoglobin
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber is called the.. and it is the reservoir of.. sacroplasmic reticumlum... calcium ions
Dilated end-sacs Terminal cisternae
The sacrolemma has tubular infoldings called transverse (T) tubules
A T tubule and the two terminal cisternae associated with it are called a.. triad
Each myofibril is a bundle of protein microfilaments called.. myofilaments
There are three kinds of myofilaments: Thick, thin, and elastic
Thick filaments are made of several hundred molecule of a protein called myosin
Thin filaments are composed mainly of two intertwined strands of protein called what actin? Fibrous (F) actin
Each fibrous (F) actin is made of monomers of what actin?.. globular (G) actin
A thin filament also has 40-60 molecules of another protein called.. tropomyosin
Tropomyosin blocks the active sites of.. G actin in a relaxed muscle
Each tropomyosin molecule has a small calcium-binding protein called troponin
Elastic filaments are made of a huge springy protein called titin (connectin)
Myosin and actin are called what kind of protein? contractile proteins
Tropomyosin and troponin are called what kind of protein? regulatory proteins
Each segment of a myofibril from one ____ to the next is called ____, which is a... Z disc, sacromere... functional contractile unit of muscle fiber
One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it are called a.. motor unit
The neutrotransmitter responsible for stimulating the muscle fiber? Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine is released from.. the synaptic knob
When Acetylcholine is done stimulating a muscle fiber, it is broken down by the enzyme.. Acetylcholinesterase
In a _______ cell, there are more anions on the inside of the plasma membrane than outside. Thus, the plasma is electrically.. and referred to as the.. unstimulated (resting). Polarized... Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
Sodium Ions = Where's the Concentration? Charge? Called? Outside. Positive. Depolarization.
Pottassium Ion = Where's the Conentration? Charge? Called? Inside. Negative. Repolarization.
The calcium ion gate are regulated by.. voltage-regulated
The Acetylcholine receptor ion gates are regulated by.. ligand-regulated (neurotransmitters/chemical messages)
Muscle contraction or tension without a change in length is.. isometric contraction
Muscle contraction with a change in length but no change in tension is.. isotonic contraction
Muscles decrease in length but maintain tension is.. isotonic concentric contractions
Muscle lengthens as it maintains tension is.. isotonic eccentric contraction
A weight lifter uses ___ when lifting and ___ when lowering concentric contractions, eccentric contraction
Two pathways for ATP synthesis Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic fermentation
Aerobic respiration requires.. produces.. fatigue or no fatigue? oxygen supply.. CO2+Water. no muscle fatigue. (primary method)
Anaerobic fermentation produces.. which is.. produces lactic acid.. major contributor to muscle fatigueAnaerobic fermentation
Short, intense exercise (6 seconds of sprinting) uses what system for most of the ATP? phosphagen system
Two physiological classes of muscle fibers Slow oxidative (slow-twitch, red, or type I) and fast gylcolytic (fast-twitched, white, type II)
Slow oxidative fibers are adapted for.. aerobic respiration
Fast gylcolytic fibers are adapted for.. anaerobic fermentation
Muscular strength depends on factors including.. muscle size, fascicle arrangement, and size of active motor units
Myocytes Skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, or smooth muscle cells
Skeletal muscle cells are also called muscle FIBERS because they are.. long and thread-like
Cardiac muscle cells are also called.. Cardiocytes
Each Cardiocytes is joined to other Cardiocytes through.. intercalated discs
These intercalated discs contain __ and __ electrical gap junctions (stimulation) and mechanical junctions (resistance from tear)
Cardiac muscle is highly resistant to fatigue because it uses.. aerobic respiration
Muscle contraction in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle is triggered by.. calcium ions
In smooth muscle, calcium icons come mainly from.. the extracellular fluid in the sacrolemma
Two functional categories of smooth muscle Multiunit and single-unit
Single-unit is more ___ than multiunit. Definition? widespread. Large # of cells contract as a unit, almost like a single cell.
Smooth muscles are ___ in shape fusiform (thick in middle, tapered at ends)
Smooth muscles produce visible or no visible striations? No visible striations
No control over smooth muscle makes them.. Involuntary
Created by: MTmind
 

 



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