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CHEM 245- Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| deuterium | hydrogen with one neutron |
| triterium | hydrogen with two neutrons |
| electronegativity/bonding pneumonic | F-O-N-Cl-Br-I-C-S-H-P |
| single carbon bond hybridization | sp3 |
| double carbons bond hybridization | sp2 |
| triple carbon bond hybridization | sp |
| C-C geometry | tetrahedral |
| C=C geometry | planar |
| C≡C geometry | linear |
| Are single or multiple bonds more reactive? | Single; longer bond length, lower bond energy |
| Bronsted-Lowry definition | acid= H+ donation; base= H+ accepting |
| Lewis definition | acid= lone pair accepting, base= lone pair donation |
| what 2 types of reactions to alkanes partake in? | combustion and halogenation |
| methyl | 1 |
| ethyl | 2 |
| propyl | 3 |
| butyl | 4 |
| pentyl | 5 |
| hexa | 6 |
| hepta | 7 |
| oxta | 8 |
| sigma bonds ____ _____ | rotate freely (120) |
| cyclo butane, pentane, and methane have a lot of | ring strain |
| 1, 3 diaxial interactions | methyl groups prefer to be in equatorial positions because of this |
| A-values | higher A value= less likely that the substituent will be axial (like delta G) |
| diene | 2 double bonds |
| triene | 3 double bonds |
| do -enes or -ynes adopt chair structures? | nope! |
| spontaneous interconversion | interconversion of cis and trans structures with the addition of H+ |
| Z | same |
| E | opposite |
| 4 types of organic reactions | addition, elimination, substitution, rearrangement |
| Two ways bonds break | symmetrical (homolytic); unsymmetrical (heterolytic) |
| Two ways bonds form | symmetrical, unsymmetrical |
| Symmetrical bond formation (mechanism) | 2 free radicals form one new product |
| Unsymmetrical bond formation (mechanism) | 2 bonding electrons donated by 1 reactant |
| Radical reactions | symmetrical |
| Polar reactions | unsymmetrical (more important in ochem!) |
| Exergonic | -ΔG |
| Endergonic | +ΔG |
| forming a carbocation is ____ Ea than quenching it | higher |
| Catalyst | provides lower Ea paths for high Ea reactions that would normally not proceed |
| Additions of H-X: what is X? | Cl, Br, or I (halogens) |
| Markovnikov's rule | H attaches to C with fewer alkyl substituents; X attaches to C with more alkyl substituents |
| Carbocation stability | more alkyl substituents= more stability |
| What is the product (functional group) when alcohol is added to an alkene? | ether (where the carbocation forms in intermediate) |
| Conjugated | a series of 4 or more sp2 hybridized carbons bound in a row (double bonds and single switch off) |
| 5 rules for resonance structures | individual forms are imaginary, they differ in placement of pi bonds of non-bonding electrons only, they don't have to be equivalent, must obey valence, resonance=stability |
| alkenes and alkynes are both ___ | nucleophilic (at their pi bonds) |
| halogenations of cycloalkenes produce only | 1, 2 trans dihalo products |
| Lindlar's catalyst | mono addition of H2 to alkynes |
| Lindlar's forms ___ | cis alkene |
| adding Br2... | always trans |
| What functional group forms in alkene hydration? | OH |
| What functional group forms in alkyne hydration? | =O |
| constitutional isomer | different connections in the molecule |
| stereoisomer | same connections, different 3-D structure |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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