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Interactive dualism:
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PSYCH Chapter 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology defined: | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. |
| Interactive dualism: | The idea that mind and body were separate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions and other conscious experiences. |
| Earliest origin of psychology: | More than 2,000 years ago |
| Early Greek philosopher | Aristotle |
| The founder of Psychology: | Wilhelm Wundt (Germany) |
| A student of Wundt that developed the structuralism idea: | Edward Titchener |
| Structuralism defined: | School of psychology that emphasized studying the most basic structures of conscious experiences. |
| Stimulus defined: | Anything that is perceptible to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste) |
| He developed the functionalism idea: | William James |
| Functionalism defined: | School of psychology that emphasized studying the function of behavior and mental experiences. |
| Psychoanalysis defined: | The emphasis of the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality. (Sigmund Freud) |
| Behaviorism defined: | School of psychology that emphasize the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning. (John Watson) |
| Humanism: | emphasized the conscious experiences of patients, including their potential for growth. |
| Theory defined: | A tentative explanation that tries to account for diverse findings on the same topic. |
| Biological perspective: | emphasizes studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior |
| Psychodynamic perspective: | emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior |
| Humanistic perspective: | focuses on the motivation of people to grow psychologically |
| Four basic goals of psychology: | - Formulate a specific question that can be tested - Design a study to collect relevant data - Analyze the data to arrive at conclusions - Report the results |
| Empirical evidence: | Verifiable evidence that is based upon objective observation, measurement, and/or experimentation. |
| Hypothesis: | A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables; a testable prediction or question |
| Variable: | A factor that can vary, or change in ways that can be observed, measured, and verified. |
| Operational definition: | A precise description of how the variables in a study will be manipulated or measured. |
| Statistically significant: | A mathematical indication that research results are not very likely to have occurred by chance. |
| Descriptive research methods: | Strategies for observing and describing behavior. |
| Naturalistic observations: | The systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting. |
| Case study: | An intensive study of a single individual or small group of individuals. |
| Survey: | A questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group. |
| Correlation studies: | A research strategy that allows the precise calculation of how strongly related two factors are to each other. |
| Experimental Method: | A method that is used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. |
| Independent variable: | The purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in an experiment |
| Dependent variable: | The factor that is observed and measured for change in an experiment; influenced by the independent variable. |
| Experimental group: | The group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions. |
| Control group: | The group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, EXCEPT the independent variable. |
| Placebo: | A fake substance, treatment, or procedure that has no direct effect |
| Ethics in Psychological research developed by the APA: | - Informed consent and voluntary participation - Students as research participants - The use of deception - Confidentiality of information - Information about the study and debriefing |
| Basic parts of the neuron: | - cell body - dendrites - axon |
| Cell body: | Processes nutrients and provides energy for the neuron to function; contains the nucleus (soma). |
| Dendrites: | Multiple short fibers that extend from the neuron's cell body and receive information from other neurons |
| Axon: | The long, fluid=filled tube that carries a neuron's messages to other body areas. |
| Myelin sheath: | A white, fatty covering wrapped around the axons of some neurons that increases their communication speed. |
| Synapse: | The point of communication between two neurons |
| Neurotransmitters: | Chemical messengers manufactured by a neuron |
| Central nervous system: | Division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral nervous system: | Division of the nervous system that includes all the nerves lying outside the central nervous system |
| Somatic nervous system: | Subdivision of peripheral nervous system that communicates sensory information to the central nervous system and carries motor messages to the muscles |
| Autonomic nervous system: | Subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary functions |
| Endocrine system: | System of glands located throughout the body that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
| The Hindbrain: | A region a t the base of the brain that contains several structures that regulate basic life functions. |
| The hindbrain structures: | - Medulla - Pons - Cerebellum - Reticular formation |
| The Midbrain: | The middle and smallest brain region that is involved in processing auditory and visual sensory information (referred to as a relay station) |
| The forebrain: | The largest and most complex brain region which contains centers for complex behaviors and mental processes; also called the cerebrum |
| Temporal lobe deals with: | auditory information |
| Parietal lobe deals with: | somatic sensations |
| Occipital lobe deals with: | visual information |
| Frontal lobe deals with: | thinking and planning |
| Limbistic system: | A group of forebrain structures that form a border around the brainstem and are involved in emotion, motivation, learning an memory. |
| Hippocampus: | A cureved forebrain structure that is part of the limbic system and is involved in learning and forming new memories. |
| Thalamus: | A forebrain structure that processes sensory information for all senses, EXCEPT SMELL. |
| Hypothalamus: | A peanut-sized forbrain structure that is part of the limbic system and regulates behaviors related to survival, such as eating, drinking, and sexual activity. |
| Amygdala: | Almond-shaped cluster of neurons in the brain's temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear. |
| Functional plasticity: | The brain's ability to shift function from damaged to undamaged brain areas. |
| Structural plasticity: | The brain's ability to change its PHYSICAL STRUCTURE in response to learning, active practice or environmental influences. |
| The left hemisphere of the brain is associated with: | language |
| Sensation: | The process of detecting a physical stimulus, such as light, sound, heat, or pressure. |
| Perception: | The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensations. |
| Absolute threshold: | The smallest amount of strength of a stimulus that can be detected half the time. |
| Difference threshold: | Smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected half the time. |
| Sensory adaptation: | The decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus. |
| Cornea: | A clear membrane covering the visible part of the eye that helps gather and direct incoming light. |
| Pupil: | The opening in the middle of the iris that changes size to let in different amounts of light. |
| Iris: | The colored part of the eye, which is the muscle that controls the size of the pupil. |
| Retina: | A thin, light-sensitive membrane located at the back of the eye that contains the sensory receptors for vision. |
| Blue refers to: | short |
| Green refers to: | medium |
| Red refers to: | long |
| Outer ear: | The part of the ear that collects sound waves; consists of the pinna, the ear canal, and the eardrum. |
| Middle ear: | The part of the ear that amplifies sound waves; consists of three small bones: the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup. |
| Inner ear: | The part of the ear where sound is transduced into neural impulses; consists of the cochlea and semicircular canals. |
| cochlea: | The coiled, fluid-filled inner-ear structure that contains the basilar membrane and hair cells |
| Olfaction refers to: | smell |
| Gustation refers to: | taste |
| Vestibular sense: | Technical name for the sense of balance, or equilibrium |
| Kinesthetic sense: | Technical name for the sense of location and position of body parts in relation to one another. |
| Gestalt psychology: | A school of psychology founded in Germany that maintained that our sensations are actively processed according to consistent perceptual rules that result in meaningful whole perceptions. |
| Figure-ground relationship: | States that we automatically separate the elements of a perception into the future that clearly stands out (the figure) and its less distinct background (the ground). |
| Relative size: | If two or more objects are assumed to be similar size, the object that appears larger is perceived as being closer. |
| Aerial perspective: | faraway objects often appear hazy or slightly blurred by the atmosphere. |
| Texture gradient: | Surface with crisp distant texture that becomes fuzzy and blended when farther away |
| Linear perspective: | parallel lines seem to meet in the distance |
| Motion parallax: | When moving, nearby objects seem to zip by faster than distant ojbects |
| Perceptual constancy: | The tendency to perceive objects as constant and unchanging despite changes in sensory input. |
| Perceptual illusion: | The misconception of the true characteristics of an object or an image |
| Perceptual set: | The tendency to perceive objects or situations from a particular frame of reference. |
Created by:
JD27