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Introductory Stats
Chapter 1.3-1.5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Parameter | Measure of the whole population describing a characteristic |
| Statistic | Measure of a sample describing some characteristic (not the whole population) |
| Quantitative data | Data expressed by numbers |
| Categorical data | Data that consists of names or labels that are not expressed in numbers |
| Discrete data | Values are finite or countable |
| Continuous data | Infinitely many possible values |
| Nominal level of measurement | characterized by data that consists of names or labels; not ranked |
| Ordinal level of measurement | data can be ordered but differences do not make sense |
| Interval level of measurement | Difference between data is quantitative but there is no natural starting point |
| Ratio level of measurement | data can be ordered, differences make sense, and there is a natural starting point |
| Voluntary response sample | Respondents decide themselves whether to be included |
| Problems with voluntary response sample | Strong opinions pervade, and inherent bias exist |
| Correlation | When two events are somehow connected |
| Causation | When one event causes another event |
| Reporter bias | when respondents aim to please the researcher |
| Small samples | not always indicative of the whole population, even if properly collective |
| Loaded question | When strong wording skews responses |
| Order of questions | structure of sentence can contributes to responses |
| Non-response | when a person either refuses to respond to a survey question or is unavailable |
| Missing data | Data values are missing for many factors |
| Self-interest study | Researcher desires a certain conclusion and skews study methods in favor of that conclusion |
| Observational study | measure specific characteristics but don't attempt to modify the subjects |
| Experimental study | Apply a treatment and proceed to observe its effects |
| Simple random sample | sample of size n is a selection of n subjects is chosen in such a way so that every group of n subjects has an equal chance of being chosen |
| Random sample | members of the population chosen in such a way that every individual is equally likely to be chosen |
| Probability sample | select members from the population in such a way that each member is chosen with a pre-selected probability |
| Systematic sampling | select some starting point and select every kth person |
| Convenience sampling | sampling from a group convenient to the researcher |
Created by:
AlyRuth
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