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US History
America Transformed into the Industrial Giant of the World (1870-1910)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| this massive economic growth in America from 1865 to the end of the century was largely based on the expansion of the railroad, introduction of electric power, and production of steel for buildings | Second Industrial Revolution |
| During 1870-1910, the great increase in the heavy industry fueled the massive & rapid industrial growth that took place in the last half of the 19th century. Heavy industry included production of what? | steel, machinery, and petroleum products; most of these weren't designed to for the consumer |
| this was the concept promoted by Southerns in the late 1800s that the South had changed dramatically and was now interested in industrial growth & becoming part of the national economy | New South |
| the belief practiced by many factory owners beginning in 1911 that factories should be managed in a specific manner, with everything done to increase efficiency of the individual worker and the factory as a whole | Taylorism |
| the Taylorism view of efficiency was the beginning of what? | the assembly line; this lessened the need for skilled workers |
| this was est. in 1903 and by 1910 it was producing nearly 12,000 cars per year | Ford Motor Company; Henry Ford's factories first used assembly line productions in 1913, which produced nearly 250,000 automobiles that year |
| By 1900, what began in the workforce of factories? | nearly 20% of children between 10-15 were employed, many in textile mills and shoe factories with menial tasks |
| women preferred what kind of job versus the very time consuming and low-paying job of being a domestic worker. | factory work |
| What usually ended a women's work in the factory? | marriage |
| he was a businessman who made millions through Standard Oil, establishing trusts with other oil companies thus gaining control of many other oil-producing companies | John D. Rockefeller |
| legal arrangements that allowed owners of one company to own stock in other companies in the same industry; by doing this, Rockefeller and Standard Oil were able to buy enough stock to control other oil companies | trusts |
| the strategy of gaining as much control over an entire single industry as possible, usually by creating trusts and holding companies | horizontal integration |
| a company that existed to gain monopoly control over an industry by buying large numbers of shares of stock in as many companies as possible in that industry; ex: Rockefeller and Standard Oil corporation | holding company |
| under this system all various business activities needed to produce and sell a finished product would be done by the same company (procuring raw materials, preparing them, producing, marketing, and selling them) | vertical integration; pioneered by Andrew Carnegie and U.S. Steel |
| philosophy on evolution that stated people inevitably compete with each other, as do societies; in the end the "survival of the fittest" would naturally occur | Social Darwinism; also proclaimed that God had granted power and wealth to those who most deserved it |
| philosophy of Andrew Carnegie, stated that wealthy industrialists had an obligation to create a "trust fund" from their profits to help their local communities | "Gospel of Wealth" |
| this was the major labor union to emerge in the 1880s; wasn't a single large union, but a federation of unions of many industries; they accepted unskilled workers, blacks, immigrants, and women | Knights of Labor; founded in Philadelphia in 1869 but didn't emerge until 1880s |
| massive labor rally in Chicago in 1886; a bomb was hurled at police officials, and police opened fire on demonstrators; numerous police and demonstrators were killed; this event hurt the labor movements for the time being | Haymarket Square (Chicago 1886) |
| National labor union founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886; goal was to organize skilled workers by craft | American Federation of Labor (AFL) |
| est. in 1905, this union attempted to unionize the unskilled workers who were usually not recruited by the Amer. Federation of Labor (AFL); included blacks, poor sharecroppers, and newly arrived immigrants | Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) |
| many upper-middle class and upper-class Americans were not only buying the things they needed, but they began to buy the merchandise and services they all wanted | consumer society |
| majority of immigrants coming to the US came from Southern and Eastern Europe after 1900; they were seen as different than the British immigrants & were treated with resentment | "new immigrants"; from 1870-1920, nearly 28 million immigrants arrived in the US (peak years were 1900-1900) |
| opened in 1892; Europeans desiring to settle in America first had to undergo the physical, psychological, and political testing that was given at what place? | Ellis Island |
| 1913 California law that prohibited Japanese who were not American citizens form owning farmland in California | Webb Alien Land Act |
| the construction of new factories and the massive influx of immigrants helped the radical transformation of what? | many industrial cities |
| what aided the transformation of the industrial city and allowed middle and upper-class citizens to move further and further away from the center of the city and into suburbia? | new methods of transportation; cable cars, electric trolleys, and subways |
| first produced in 1856 in converter (furnace) invented by Henry Bessemer; was much more durable and harder than iron | Bessemer steel |
| term coined by Mark Twain referring to the period 1875-1900; it implies a thin layer of gold (symbolizing prosperity) covering the problems of the era, including grinding poverty in the time of incredible wealth and political corruption on a wide scale | The Gilded Age |
| also known as the patronage system; which the president, governor, or mayor is allowed to fill government jobs with political allies and former campaign workers; first began by Pres. Andrew Jackson | spoils system |
| Who was the industrial leader since the middle of the century before the United States took over in 1894? | Germany |
| by the time of his death he had given over 90% of his wealth to various foundations and philanthropic endeavors | Andrew Carnegie |
| What was used to justify the vast differences between the rich and the poor in the late 19th century, as well as the control that the United States and Europe maintained over other parts of the world? | Social Darwinism; writings of Charles Darwin |
| members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) were called what? | Wobblies |
| while many upper-middle class and upper-class Americans were living in a consumer society how were the immigrants living? | during this time immigrants did have the same luxury & still lived in extreme poverty |
| the "new immigrants" coming from Europe and the Webb Alien Land Law demonstrate what about American society in the first decades of the 20th century? | nativist sentiment found in American society |
| what were critical commodities in the Second Industrial Revolution? | steel (supported taller buildings, first skyscraper was built in 1885 in Chicago (10 stories with 4 elevators); the discovery of anthracite coal in Penn. caused the price of coal to drop drastically allowing Amer. industries to steam power |
| when the US acquired Hawaii in 1898, many Japanese came to the US to work on fruit fields. Much like the Chinese in 1882, what did the Japanese faced when they came to the US? | many faced prejudice; In 1906, the Board of education in San Fran est. separate schools were for Asian students |
| When many of the upper and middle class families began moving out of the city into suburbia, what became the conditions of the working-class slums, or "apartments" they moved out of in the city? | rooms were divided & subdivided again so that large number of families could live in buildings formerly housed for 1 family; outdoor restrooms; emptied wastes in back alleys; poverty, disease, & crime are central elements of slums |
| During the Gilded Age, what were presidents, such as Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield (assassinated), and Chester Arthur, all trying to get rid of? | the spoils system (allowed victorious presidents to give their supporters govt jobs) |
| legislation passed by Pres. Chester A. Arthur which would test applicants and ensure that govt jobs were given to those who were qualified | Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883; act which created a Civil Service Commission |
| most campaigns during the Gilded Age revolved around what? | different personalities and the individual, not around issues |
| In 1890, the book by Jacob Riis titled "How the Other Half Lives" is a documentary account of what? | the slum life in New York City |
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danyell04