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Classical conditioning
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Psychology Ch. 5
Stack #126910
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience and cannot be attributed to illness, injury, or maturation. |
| Classical conditioning | A type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another. |
| stimulus | Any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds; plural is stimuli |
| conditioned reflex | a learned involuntary response |
| unconditioned response | a response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning |
| unconditioned stimulus | A stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned response without prior learning. |
| conditioned stimulus | A neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it and elecits a conditioned response. |
| conditioned response | The learned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus |
| higher order conditioning | Conditioning that occurs when conditioned stimuli are linked together to form a series of signals. |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance of an extinguished response (in a a weaker form) when an organism is exposed to the original condittioned stimulus following a rest period. |
| Classical conditioning was discovered by ______. | Pavlov |
| A dog's salivation in response to a musical tone is a(n) ________ response. | conditioned |
| The weakening of a conditioned response that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus is called _______. | extinction |
| operant conditioning | Learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated in order to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response |
| descrimination | the learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimulus but not to similar stimuli |
| descrimination stimulus | A stimulus that signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored or punished. |
| fixed-ratio schedule | a schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct, nonreinforced responses |
| fixed- interval schedule | A schedule in which a reinforcer is given following the first correct response after a specific period of time has elapsed. |
| generalization (in classical conditioning) | in classical conditioning, the tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus |
| latent learning | learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not demonstrated until the organism is motivated to do so |
| insight | the sudden realization of the relationship between elements in a problem situation, which makes the solution apparent. |
| positive reinforcement | any pleasant or desirable consequence that follows a response and increases the probability that the response will be repeated |
| negative reinforcement | the termination of an unpleasant condition after a response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated |
| observational learning | Learning by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior, learning by imititation. |
| primary reinforcer | a reinforcer that fulfills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning |
| punishment | the removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby lowering the probability of a response |
| schedule of reinforcement | A systematic process for administering partial reinforcement that produces a distinct rate and pattern of responses and decree of resistance to extinction. |
| secondary reinforcer | a reinforcer that is acquired or learned through association with other reinforcers |
| shaping | An operant conditioning technique that consists of gradually molding a desired behavior (response) by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response, thereby gradually guiding the responses toward the ultimate goal. |
| Skinner box | A soundproof chamber with a device for delivering food to an animal subject; used in operant conditioning experiments. |
| unconditioned stimulus | A stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned response without prior learning. |
| variable ratio schedule | A schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a varying number of nonreinforced responses, based on an average ratio. |
| variable interval schedule | A schedule in which a reinforcer is given after the first correct response that follows a varying time of nonreinforcement, based on an average time. |
| What is the difference between conditioned and unconditioned | (blank) |
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sherbrry