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Skull

Positioning / Merrills Chapter 20

QuestionAnswer
Which positioning line extends from the EAM to the outer canthus? Orbitomeatal
Which positioning landmark is located at the base of the nasal spine? Acanthion
Which positioning landmark is located at the most superior point of the nasal bones? Nasion
Which positioning landmark is the smooth elevation that is located between the superciliary arches? Glabella
Which positioning landmark is most superior? (Nasion, gonion, glabella, or acanthion) Glabella
Where on the skull is the gonion located? On the lateroposterior part of the mandible
Where on the skull is the outer canthus located? On the lateral border of each orbit
Which positioning landmark is located at the anterior portion of the mandible? Mental point
Which suture articulates the frontal bone with both parietal bones? Coronal
Which suture joins both parietal bones at the vertex of the skull? Sagittal
Which suture joins a parietal bone with both a sphenoid bone and a temporal bone? Squamosal
Which suture joins both parietal bones with the occipital bone? Lambdoidal
The bregma fontanel is located at the junction of which two sutures? Coronal and sagittal
The lambda fontanel is located at the junction of which two sutures? Lambdoidal and sagittal
The bregma fontanel is located at the junction of which cranial bones? Frontal and both parietals
The lambda fontanel is located at the junction of which cranial bones? Occipital and both parietals
Which skull classification refers to a typical skull (in terms of width and length)? Mesocephalic
Which skull classification refers to a long, narrow skull? Dolichocephalic
Which skull classification refers to a short, wide skull? Brachycephalic
How many degrees are in the angle formed between the midsagittal plane and the petrous pyramids in the mesocephalic skull? 47 degrees
How many degrees are in the angle formed between the midsagittal plane and the petrous pyramids in the brachycephalic skull? 54 degrees
How many degrees are in the angle formed between the midsagittal plane and the petrous pyramids in the dolichocephalic skull? 40 degrees
On which cranial bone are the superciliary arches located? Frontal
On which cranial bone is the cribriform plate located? Ethmoid
On which cranial bone is the crista galli located? Ethmoid
Which cranial bone has a petrous pyramid? Temporal
On which cranial bone is the sella turcica located? Sphenoid
Which cranial bone has the mastoid process? Temporal
On which cranial bone is the perpendicular plate located? Ethmoid
Which cranial bone has both greater and lesser wings? Sphenoid
With which cranial bone does the first cervical vertebra articulate? Occipital
The pterygoid processes project inferiorly from which cranial bone? Sphenoid
The foramen magnum is a part of which cranial bone? Occipital
From which cranial bone does the zygomatic process arise? Temporal
The temporal process projects posteriorly from which facial bone? Zygomatic
Which bones comprise the bridge of the nose? Nasal
With which bone does the mandible articulate? Temporal
Where are the lacrimal bones located? On the medial wall of each orbit
Where is the vomer bone found? On the floor of the nasal cavity
Which bone comprises most of the lateral wall of the orbital cavities? Zygomatic
Which term refers to the anterior process of the mandibular ramus? Coronoid
Which term refers to the posterior process of the mandibular ramus? Condyle
Which facial bones have alveolar processes? Maxillae and mandible
Which bones form the posterior one fourth of the roof of the mouth? Palatine
Which positioning landmark is located on the maxillae? Acanthion
Which two positioning lines or planes should be perpendicular to the IR for the PA projection of the skull? Orbitomeatal line and midsagittal plane
With reference to the patient, where should the IR be centered for the PA projection of the skull? Nasion
With reference to the patient, where should the IR be centered for the lateral projection of the skull? 2 inches above the EAM
With reference to the IR, how should the interpupillary line and the midsagittal plane be positioned for the lateral projection of the skull? Interpupillary line: perpendicular; midsagittal plane: parallel
For the AP axial projection, Towne method, of the skull, how many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed when the OML is perpendicular to the IR? 30 degrees caudad
For the AP axial projection, Towne method, of the skull, how many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed with the IOML is perpendicular to the IR? 37 degrees caudad
Which positioning line should be parallel with the IR for the SMV projection of the skull? Infraobritomeatal line
Which projection of the skull can be correctly performed with the central ray angled 37 degrees? AP axial, Towne method
Which projection of the skull can be correctly performed with the central ray angled 15 degrees? PA axial, Caldwell method
Which projection of the skull produces a full basal image of the cranium? SMV, Schuller method
Which projection of the skull projects the petrous bones in the lower third of the orbits? PA axial, Caldwell method
Which projection of the skull should be obtained when the frontal bone is of primary interest? PA with perpendicular central ray
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP axial projection, Towne method of the skull? Part of the sella turcica should be seen within the foramen magnum.
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the PA projection of the skull? The distance from the lateral border of the skull to the lateral border of the orbit should be the same on both sides.
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the lateral projection of the skull? The orbital roofs should be superimposed
Which projection criterion pertains to the SMV projection of the skull? The mental protuberance should superimpose the anterior frontal bone.
For the PA axial projection, Haas method, of the skull, where should the central ray enter the patient's head? 1.5 inches below the external occipital protuberance
How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the PA axial projection, Haas method, of the skull? 25 degrees cephalad
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the PA axial, Haas method, of the skull? The dorsum sella and the posterior clinoids projected within the foramen magnum.
With reference to the patient, where should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the facial bones? Zygomatic bone
With reference to the IR, how should the central ray be directed for the parietoacanthial projection, Waters method? Perpendicular
Where should the petrous ridges be seen in the image of the parietoacanthial projection of the facial bones? Below the maxillary sinuses
Which positioning line and angle indicate correct positioning of the head for the parietoacanthial projection, Waters method? OML; 37 degrees to the IR
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the parietoacanthial projection, Waters method? The petrous ridges should be projected immediately below the maxillary sinuses.
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the PA axial projection, Caldwell method? The distance between the lateral border of the skull and the orbit should be the same on both sides.
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the lateral projection of the facial bones? The orbital roofs should be superimposed.
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the SMV projection for bilateral zygomatic arches? The zygomatic arches should be free from overlying structures.
An AP axial projection (modified Towne) of the zygomatic arches produces an image similar to the AP axial (Townes) of the skull. How should the CR be directed to demonstrate zygomatic arches when the OML is perpendicular to the IR? 30 degrees caudad
An AP axial projection (modified Towne method) of the bilateral zygomatic arches is performed similarly to the AP axial projection (Towne method) of the skull, except that the projection for the zygomatic arches requires what to be done? The central ray should be directed to the glabella.
With reference to the IR, how should the midsagittal plane be adjusted for the tangential projection demonstrating an individual zygomatic arch? 15 degrees from perpendicular
To demonstrate the mandibular body with the axiolateral oblique projection, how should the patient's head be positioned? From true lateral, rotate the head 30 degrees toward the IR.
How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the axiolateral projection of the mandible? 25 degrees cephalad
Which projection is performed with the patient's head positioned true lateral and the central ray directed 25 degrees cephalad? Axiolateral projection of the mandible
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the axiolateral oblique projection of the mandible? The mandibular rami should be superimposed.
Which structure is of primary interest when the patient's head is rotated 15 degrees toward the IR from a true lateral position and the central ray is directed 15 degrees caudad, entering about 1.5 inches superior to the upside EAM? TMJ
Which structures can be well demonstrated with an axiolateral oblique projection? TMJs
How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the axiolateral oblique projection for TMJs? 15 degrees caudad
For the AP axial projection of the TMJs, where should the central ray be directed? 3 inches above the nasion
With reference to the patient, where should the IR be centered for the axiolateral oblique projection of the TMJs? ½ inch anterior to the EAM
Which structures should always be radiographed with the patient in an upright position? Paranasal sinuses
Which projection of the paranasal sinuses adequately demonstrates all four sinus groups? Lateral
With reference to the outer canthus, where should the central ray be directed for the lateral projections of the sinus? Posterior
Which sinus group is of primary importance in the lateral projection of the sinuses? Sphenoidal
Which sinus groups are best demonstrated with the PA axial projection, Caldwell method? Frontal and anterior ethmoidal
For the PA axial projection, Caldwell method, of the sinuses, which positioning line, in addition to the midsagittal plane, should be perpendicular to the IR? Orbitomeatal
Where should petrous ridges be seen in the image of the PA axial projection, Caldwell method, of the sinuses? Lower third of the orbits
Which positioning line should form an angle of 37 degrees with the IR for the parietoacanthial projection, Waters method? Orbitomeatal
With reference to the IR, how should the central ray be directed for the parietoacanthial projection, Waters method? Perpendicular
Which paranasal sinus group is best demonstrated with the parietoacanthial projection, Waters method? Maxillary
Where should the petrous ridges be seen in the image of the parietoacanthial projection, Waters method, of the paranasal sinuses? Below the maxillary sinuses
Where should the central ray exit the head for the parietoacanthial projection, Waters method? Acanthion
Which sinus group is not well demonstrated in the image produced by the parietoacanthial projection, Waters method? Sphenoidal
Which two paranasal sinus groups are better demonstrated with the SMV projection than are the other sinuses? Ethomoidal and sphenoidal
Which projection of the sinuses demonstrates a symmetric image of the anterior portion of the base of the skull? SMV
In which projection of the sinuses is the IR centered to the nasion? PA axial, Caldwell method
In which projection of the sinuses is the mentomeatal line approximately perpendicular to the plane of the IR? Parietoacanthial, Waters method
In which projection of the sinuses must the OML form an angle of 15 degrees with the plane of the IR? PA axial, Caldwell method
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the lateral projection of the paranasal sinuses? All four sinus groups should be included.
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the lateral projection of the paranasal sinuses? The orbital roofs should be superimposed.
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the PA axial projection, Caldwell method, of the sinuses? The frontal and ethmoidal sinuses should be seen.
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the PA axial projection, Caldwell method, for sinuses? Petrous ridges should lie in the lower third of the orbits.
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the parietoacanthial projection, Waters method for the paranasal sinuses? Petrous ridges should lie immediately below the floor of the maxillary sinuses.
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the SMV projection for paranasal sinuses? Mental protuberance should superimpose anterior frontal bone.
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the SMV projection for the sinuses? Mandibular condyles should be anterior to the petrous ridges.
Created by: foster1317
 

 



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