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Film Processing
Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the purpose of radiographic film processing? | Convert the latent image into a manifest image |
| What creates the latent image? | Exposure of the silver Bromide crystals in the film emulsion by light or x-ray photons |
| What transforms the image into a permanent image? | Chemical Processing |
| What are the 4 stages of processing a radiograph? | Developing,fixing,washing & drying |
| What is the primary function of the developing stage? | Convert the latent image into a manifest, or visible image |
| What is the purpose of the developing or reducing agents? | Reduce the exposed silver Halide to metallic silver & to add electrons to the exposed silver halide |
| What 2 chemicals are used to reduce the exposed silver halide to metallic silver? | phenidone & Hydroquinone |
| Which chemical used to reduce the exposed silver halide is the fast reducer? | Phenidone |
| Which chemical used to reduce the exposed silver halide is the slow reducer? | Hydroquinone |
| What chemical is responsible for creating the lower densities on a radiograph? | Phenidone |
| What chemical is responsible for creating the higher densities on a radiograph? | Hydroquinone |
| What happens to the Silver Halide when Bromide & Iodide ions are removed from the emulsion? | it is reduced to Metalic Silver |
| What are the primary functions of the fixing stage? | remove unexposed silver halide from the film and to make the remaining image permanent |
| What are the 2 secondary functions of the fixing stage? | Stop the development process & harden the emulsion further |
| What is the purpose of the fixing agent? | clear undeveloped silver halide from the film |
| What type of pH does the fixer solution need to be? | Acidic |
| What is the purpose of the Washing Process? | Remove fixing Solution from the surface of the film |
| What happens if the film is not properly washed? | The radiograph will show a brown stain |
| What causes the brown stain on the radiograph if the image is not properly washed? | Thiosulfate (fixing agent) remaining in the emulsion |
| What is the process by which washing works called? | Diffusion |
| How does diffusion work? | it exposes the film to water that contains less thiosulfate than the film. Since the film contains more fixing agent than the water the fixing agent diffuses into the water |
| What is the purpose of drying films? | to remove 85-90% of the moisture of the film so it can be handled easily & stored while maintaining the quality of the diagnostic image |
| How much moisture should finished radiographs retain? | 10-15% |
| What can excessive drying of the radiograph cause? | Emulsion layers to crack |
| What is the flat metal surface with an edge on either side that permits the film to enter the processor? | Feed Tray |
| What rollers make sure the film is moved into and through the tanks at a constant speed? | Transport & Crossover |
| What is the name of the electrical circut that shuts off power to the roller assembly when the processor is not being used? | Standby control |
| What is the name for the replacement of fresh chemicals after the loss of chemicals during processing? | Replenishment |
| What causes developing solution to become exhausted? | use & exposure to air |
| What causes fixer solution to become exhausted? | use resulting from accumulations of silver halide that are removed from the film during the fixing process, developer solution that remains in the film |
| is more fixer or development solution replaced per film? | fixer |
| What is the name of the system that circulates the solutions in the tank by pumping solution out of one portion of the tank and returning it to a different location in the same tank? | Recirculation System |
| How does the recirculation system help? | keeps chemicals mixed,maintains solution activity,provides agitation of the chemicals to facilitate fast processing, maintains proper temperature of the developer |
| What is the developer temperature in most 90 second automatic processors? | 93-95 degrees F (33.8-35 degreese C) |
| What is the name of the heating coil that is immersed in the bottom of the developer tank? | Immersion Heater |
| How is the air forced through the dryer? | Blower |
| How is air directed onto the film? | Air Tubes |
| How should film boxes be stored? | Vertically |
| What are common hazardsto radiographic quality that can be found in the darkroom? | white light exposure,safelight exposure & ionizing radiation exposure, heat, chemical exposure |
| What temperature should film be stored at? | 55-75 degrees F (14-24 degrees C) |
| What humidity should film be stored at? | 30-60% |
| What happens to the film when stored in low humidity? | Static buildup which can expose the film |
| What are some common safelight filters? | Kodak wratten 6B & Kodax GbX |
| What type of film is the Kodak Wratten 6 B sesitive to? | blue-sensitive film |
| What type of film is the Kodax GBX sensitive to? | ortochromatic, blue violet and green visible light |
| What is the power rating of the light bulbs used in safelights? | 7.5-15W |
| What term refers to the removal of silver from the used fixer solution? | Silver Recovery |
| Where are the silver recovery units connected? | Drain system of the silver tank |
| What are the 2 methodes of silver recovery? | metallic replacement & Electrolytic Method |
| What are the 2 types of metallic replacement silver recovery units? | Steel wool & Silver-exraction filter |
| What does the steel wool extraction unit use to filter the fixer solution? | Steel Wool |
| How does the steel Wool extraction unit work? | Silver replaces the iron in the steel wool and is removed after significant qccumulation in a canister or replacement cartilage |
| What does the silver extraction unit use to filter the fixer solution? | foam filter impregnated with steel wool |
| Is the steel wool or silver extraction unit more efficient? | silver extraction unti |
| What method of silver recovery is most efficient? | Electrolytic |
| How doe sthe electrolytic method of silver recovery work? | They contain an electrically charged drum or disk that attracts silver |
| What is another name for chemical development of the film image? | Reduction |
| Under what circumstances would unexposed crystals be reduced to black metallic silver? | developer too hot or too strong |
| During reduction are electrons added or given up? | Added |
| What image qualities does fil processing affect? | Density, Contrast & Fog |
| What are the wet porcessing factors that affect image quality? | time in developer, Temp of developer & Chemistry of the developer |
| What is the normal development time? | 90-120 seconds |
| Which step in chemical processing is the longest? | Drying |
| What is the first and deepest tank in the processor? | Developer |
| What controls the development time? | Transport rate |
| What type of rollers are ribbed? | Entrance |
| Arfe all entrance rollers ribbed? | no |
| What triggers new chemicals? | Film going through the entrance roller |
| What are rollers made of? | Hard rubber or phenolic |
| Where are deep roller racks used? | developer,fixer & wash tanks |
| What rollers transport film to the bottom of the tank? | Planetary or transport |
| How big are the planetary & transport rollers? | 1" diameter |
| What roller turns the film 180 degrees and is located at the bottom of the roller rack | Master or solar |
| What helps direct the film to turn? | Guide shoes |
| What type of rollers squeeze fliud from the film? | Squeegee Rollers |
| Where are the Squeegee rollers located? | top of roller rack on top of each tank |
| Where are the crossover racks? | on top of each tank |
| What type of roller is located at the top of each tank and turns the film 180 degrees into the next deep rolller rack? | Crosssover |
| What type of rollers transposrt film through the dryer? | Dryer rollers |
| How are rollers connected? | Belt & Pully, Chain and Sprocket or gears |
| What is the recommended temp for a 3-4 min processor? | 84-86 degrees F |
| How often should you drain processing tanks? | Once a month |
| What is the name of the switch that triggers the replenishment pumps? | Micro-switch |
| What does film do to the fixer when it enters into the fixer tank? | Neutralizes it |
| What side of the film should be placed against the feed tray guide | Short side |
| what is the temperature on the dryer? | 120 degrees F |
| What should be done to the processor daily? | clean crossover racks,check development temp,check wash water temp,check replenishment rates,sensitometry, crack lid at the end of the night |
| Why do you crack the processor lid at the end of the night? | to avoid chemical contamination |
| What should be done to the processor weekely or monthly? | Drain and clean tanks and deep racks,check belts, lubricate |
| What causes insufficient processing? | Contaminated developer,insufficient developer or exhausted developer |
| What happens to the film if it is stored in a place where the humidity is too high? | Fog |
| What happens when you use expired film? | Age fog |
| what type of marks are produced by rough handling of film? | Dark crescent marks |
| What type of marks are produced by fingerprints? | minus density |
| What are the 3 types of static marks? | Tree,Crown & Smudge |
| what type of safelight filter is used with calcium tungstate? | Wratten 6B (amber) or GBX (red) |
| What type of filter is used for rare earth? | GBX |
| Orthochromatic fils produce what type of light? | Green Blue |
| Is it ok to use Wratten 6B with Rare earth, orthochromatic films? | NO |
| How often should you check the safelight? | Twice a year |
| What are the 2 types of Dry printers? | Thermographic & Photothermographic |
| Which type of dry printer uses heat to directly produce a visible image? | Thermographic |
| Which type of dry printer uses a laser to form the latent image and heat to process it? | Photothermographic |
| what processor artifact causes dark bands of density crosswise to the film travel? | Hesitation Marks |
| What type of processor artifact causes dark densities repeated at regular intervals? | pi Lines |
| What type of mark is left by emulsion pickoff? | Opaque |
| What causes emulsion pickoff? | Emulsion too soft (insufficient hardner) |
| Artifact: Pink stain | Exhausted fixer |
| Artifact: yellow brown stain | insufficient rinsing or fixer |
| What processor artifact causes clear white lines parallel to film travel? | Guide shoe scratches |
| What causes guide shoe scratches? | soft emulsion being scratched,misalignment of guide shoes, dryer tubes or roller racks |
| What causes hesitation marks? | pauses in transport of film through processor |
| What causes pauses in transport of film through the processor? | broken gears,drive chains,transport motor failure,misalignment of guide shoes, loss of power |
| Artifact: dark marks produced by friction | Static |
| T or F: A wrattne 6B filter cannot be used with film sensitive to green light | True |
| What does overdevelopment do to contrast, fog and density? | decrease contrast, increase fog and density |
| What does underdevelopment do to contrast, fog and density? | Decrease all of them |
| What are the 3 types of maintenance programs that should be included in QC for an automatic processor? | Scheduled maintenance,Preventative maintenance & Non scheduled |
| What component in the developer helps swell gelatin,produces alkalinity & controls pH? | Activator |
| What component in the developer works as a antifog agent and protects unexposed crystals from chemical attack? | Restrainer |
| What component in the developer controls oxidation and maintains balance among the developer components? | Preservative |
| What component in the developer controls emulsion swelling and enhances archival quality? | Hardner |
| What component in the developer removes metallic impurities and stabilizes the developing agent? | Sequestering agent |
| What component in the developer dissolves chemicals for use? | Solvent |
| what is it produced when unexposed crystals are reduced to metallic silver? | Development Fog |
| What do the close fitting floating lids on replenishment tanks prevent? | Aerial Oxidation |
| What color does the developing agent turn when it has been oxidized? | brownish |
| What is the usual cause when films drop from the processor and are still wet? | Depletion of the hardner |
| What component in the fixer neutralizes the developer and stops its action? | Activator |
| What component in the fixer removes the undeveloped silver bromide from emulsion? | Fixing agent |
| What component in the fixer stiffens and shrinks the emulsion? | Hardner |
| What component in the fixer maintains chemical balance? | preservative |
| What component in the fixer maintains proper pH | Buffer |
| What component in the fixer removes aluminum ions? | Sequestering Agent |
| What component in the fixer dissolves other components? | Solvent |
| what are some terms used for fixing agent? | Clearing agent,hypo & thiosulfate |
| undesirable retention of fixer in the emulsion | Hypo retention |
| What is the ph of the fixer? | acidic |
| what should the temp of the wash water be? | 5 degrees F below the developer |
| What does the turmaround assembly consist of? | master roller,planetary rollers & Guide shoes |
Created by:
Sukioshii