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kp_ch5_nrvs & senses
the nervous system and special senses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| part of the nerve cell (neuron) that contains a nucleus and granular cytoplasm containing many ribosomes | cell body |
| fine branches that receives nerve impulses, as an action potential, from neighboring nerve cells and receptor organs | dendrites |
| the communication route between the cell body and the axon terminals | axon |
| a fatty mixture of phospholipid and cholesterol which provides insulation from electrical impulses | myelin sheath |
| small unmyelinated regions located along the axis between the myelin segments. these are the reasons an electrical impulse an "jump" along the axon and not travel smoothly along the myelinated axon. | nodes of ranvier |
| projection at the end of the axon that is involved in the transmission of the action potential to the dendrites of neighboring neurons or the effector organ. | axonal terminals |
| receives a stimulus from the environment. origin of any reflex action | receptor organ |
| conveys the nerve impulse, in the form of an action potential, from the receptor to the reflex center in the CNS. | sensory (afferent) neuron |
| center of the spinal cord containing CSF to nourish and protect the CNS | central canal |
| contains many motor and sensory neurons which are well myelinated. this type of matter is on which side of the spinal cord-exterior or inner? | white matter |
| conveys nerve impulses from sensory neurons across the spinal cord. unmyelinated; impulse transmission is slow. | interneuron (relay neuron) |
| these connect neurons to receptor and effector organs and are located between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of the neighboring neuron | synapse |
| nerve cells that transmit the body's response to the stimulus | motor (effector) neurons |
| responds to stimuli by performing an action after receiving a nerve impulse via a motor neuron | effector organ |
| what are the principal parts of the central nervous system (CNS)? | brain and spinal cord |
| 4 principal parts of the brain | brain stem cerebellum diencephalon cerebrum |
| the spinal cord consists of a mass of nervous tissue located where? and how many pairs of spinal nerves originate from it? | vertebral canal; 31 pairs |
| what protects the CNS from physical shock and infection | bones of the skull and vertebral column, CSF and the meninges |
| name the three types of meninges found in the CNS | dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
| this part of the nervous system is NOT protected by bone of the BBB. what type of tissue does it consist of? | PNS; neural |
| the main function of the PNS is to connect the limbs and organs to the CNS. What are the two subdivisions of it and what does each do? | afferent - carries sensory information TO the CNS efferent - transmits motor information AWAY from the CNS to the muscles and glands |
| name the three types of neurons | Sensory, motor, relay |
| this type of neuron carries nerve impulses from the receptor cells of the sensory organs to the CNS. myelinated? | sensory neurons; yes |
| these type of neurons conduct impulses away from the CNS to the effectors which include the muscles and glands. myelinated in ANS? SNS? | motor neurons; not in ANS, yes in SNS |
| this type of neuron is the connecting neuron between sensory and motor neurons. which matter of the CNS are the myelinated in? which part are they non-myelinated? | relay neurons; myelinated-white matter, non-myelinated-grey matter |
| what are the supporting cells in the CNS? | neuroglia |
| THe motor division of the PNS can be subdivided into which two nervous sytems. | autonomic - involuntary somatic - voluntary |
| CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) structure- ? | brain and spinal cord |
| CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) function- ? | control all nervous communication |
| PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) structure- ? | cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
| PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) function- ? | connects CNS with the rest of the body |
| SENSORY (AFFERENT) DIVISION structure- ? | somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers |
| SENSORY (AFFERENT) DIVISION function- ? | conduct impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS |
| MOTOR (EFFERENT) DIVISION structure- ? | motor nerve fibers |
| MOTOR (EFFERENT) DIVISION function- ? | conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) |
| AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) structure- ? | involuntary (visceral motor) |
| AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) function- ? | conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muslces, smooth muscles, and glands |
| SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM structure- ? | voluntary (somatic motor) |
| SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM function- ? | conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles |
| SYMPATHETIC DIVISION function- ? | fight or flight response |
| PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION function- ? | rest and digest maintenance; conserve energy |
| name two chemically stimulated sense | taste smell |
| - which photoreceptor in teh eye detects light and dark? - which photoreceptor of the eye dtects different colors | rods cones |
| this part of the eye controls the amount o light entering the eye by contracting and relaxing its muscles | iris |
| light that enters the eye through the pupil is refracted primarily by which part of the eye? which part of the eye does the lens fine-tune the refraction of light onto? | cornea; retina |
| name the five basic skin sensations | touch pressure pain warmth cold |
| typical neural pathway is in this order | receptor-sensory nerve-CNS-motor nerve-effector |
| in most reflex arcs, sensory neurons synapse in which part of the brain? | spinal cord |
| which ions are involved in the action potential. | K+ and Na+ |
| the cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres (R & L), which are further sub-divided into four lobes. name the four lobes | frontal temporal parietal occipital |
| what lobe of the cerebral hemisphere influences personality, judgement, abstract reasoning, social behavior, language expression and voluntary movement | frontal lobe |
| this love controls hearing, understanding of language, learning, storage and recall of memories | temporal lobe |
| this lobe interprets and integrates sensation, inducing pain, temperature and touch. Also interprets size, shape, distance, vibration and texture. | parietal lobe |
| this love mainly interprets visual stimuli from the eyes | occipital lobe |
| the cranial nerves of the CNS, carry information to and from the brain and supply the head, neck and most of the viscera (chest or abdomen internal organs). -how many pairs are there? | 12 pairs |
| name the 12 cranial nerve pairs (from front to back) | -olfactory -optic nerve -oculomotor -trochlear -trigeminal -abducens -facial -acoustic -glossopharyngeal -vagus -(spinal) accessory -hypoglossal |
| how many pairs of spinal nerves carry information between the spinal cord and the trunk and limbs in the PNS? | 31 pairs |
| how are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves grouped? # cervical pairs (names) # thoracic pairs (names) # lumbar pairs (names) # sacral pairs (names) # coccygeal What idoes the sacral and the coccygeal together form? | 8 cervical pairs (C1 to C8) 12 thoracic pairs (T1 to T12) 5 lumbar pairs (L1 to L5) 5 sacral pairs (S1 to S5) 1 coccygeal cauda equina |
| the spinal cord joins the medulla oblongata at an opening in the occipital portion of the skull. what functions do the medulla oblongata influence? What three reflexes is it center for? | cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor vomiting, coughing, hiccupping |
| which part of the autonomic nervous system increases the body's ability to be active or react to emergencies; aka "fight or flight" | sympathetic nervous system |
| this region of the brain is the second largest. it is blow the occipital lobes with two hemispheres. what does it mostly control? | cerebellum; balance and equilibrium, walking and maintaining posture |
| which type of nuerons in teh CNS block unimportant signals and permit transmission of selected information | inhibitory neurons |
| anaesthetics block nerve impulses by doing what to sodium (NA+) ions? | reducing membrane permeability |
| this neurotransmitter regulates the sympathetic nervous system and is synthesized from dopamine | norepinephrine |
| what is the main neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system? | acetylcholine |
| these are receptors found all over the body and make us aware of position and movement of the body. they are found in skeletal muscles, tendons and joints | proprioceptors |
| this is the adjustment period describing the chemical changes that occur after the initial dazzling of passing from darkness into light | light adaptation |
| what type of receptors are located in the taste buds? | gustatory receptors |
Created by:
kpalarchio