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Philosophy160
Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to Shafer-Landau in the Introduction to The Fundamentals of Ethics, the three major divisions of ethical theory are: A)Ultimatism, Realism, Objectivism B)Nominal Theory, Value Ethics, Meta-Objectivism C)Value Theory, Normative Ethics, Metaeth | C)Value Theory, Normative Ethics, Metaethics |
| According to Shafer-Landau in the Introduction to The Fundamentals of Ethics there are so many different ethical theories that there is little to no agreement about moral principles. True False | False |
| According to Shafer-Landau in the chapter "Hedonism: Its Powerful Appeal" those things that are valuable for their own sakes are: A)instrumentally valuable B)hedonistically valuable C)extrinsically valuable D)intrinsically valuable | intrinsically valuable |
| Hedonists think there is only one true path to happiness and that involves avoiding death, acquiring money, and having lots of sex. True False | False |
| How does Shafer-Landau define "autonomy" in the chapter "Is Happiness All That Matters?" A)As having reached the age of independence. B)As the power to control the behavior of those around us. C)As the ability to maintain enough self-control to obey th | D)As the power to guide our life through our own free choices. |
| Why doesn't Epicurus think we should fear death? A)Death is inevitable, and it is foolish to fear what one cannot change. B)People can be harmed only if they have sensations, and the dead have no sensations. C)If we act well in this life, we will be re | B)People can be harmed only if they have sensations, and the dead have no sensations. |
| What is a subjective conception of a person's good? A)A person's good depends upon the practices relative to the culture in which she lives. B)A person's good depends upon identifying certain character states, activities, and relationships as improving | D)A person's good depends importantly upon her subjective psychological states. |
| What is the problem of moral infallibility that forms of subjectivism and relativism both face? A)Principles like slavery, war-like aggression, or oppression might, depending on our society, be moral duties that we must follow. B)Each person's basic com | |
| What is the central principle of morality, according to John Stuart Mill in "Hedonism" (excerpted from Utilitarianism)? A)Always do whatever is in your own interest. B)Treat others as you'd like to be treated. C)An action is right if and only if God c | D)Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness. |
| What question is Nozick trying to raise with his experience machine thought experiment? A)What else can matter to us, other than how our lives feel from the inside? B)Are we letting machines do too many things for us? C)Which kinds of experiences are m | A)What else can matter to us, other than how our lives feel from the inside? |
| According to Shafer-Landau in the chapter, "Consequentialism: Its Nature and Attractions," what are some of the attractions of utilitarianism? A)It defends impartiality. B)It justifies conventional moral wisdom. C)It gives us a way to resolve conflic | E)All of the above |
| According to Shafer-Landau in the chapter, "Consequentialism: Its Difficulties," what are the main difficulties faced by utilitarianism? | |
| How does Russ Shafer-Landau define rule-consequentialism in the chapter, "Consequentialism: Its Difficulties"? | It is the view that an action is morally right just in case it is required by an optimific social rule. |
| What is the central principle of morality, according to John Stuart Mill? A)Treat others as you'd like to be treated. B)An action is right if and only if God commands it. C)Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness. D)Always d | C)Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness. |
| How can we determine whether one pleasure (A) is more valuable than another pleasure (B), according to Mill? | Pleasure A is preferred to pleasure B by most people who are acquainted with both. |
| What does Mill claim is the only evidence we can produce that something is desirable? | People actually desire it. |
| According to Shafer-Landau in the chapter, "The Kantian Perspective: Fairness and Justice," Kant thought fairness and justice were more important than consequences like happiness and pleasure. True False | True |
| What is a maxim, in Kant's terminology? [Hint: See Shafer-Landau's chapter, "The Kantian Perspective: Fairness and Justice."] | Any principle upon which one bases one's action. |
| What does Kant think is the fundamental principle of morality? | B) Act only on maxims that you can at the same time will to be universal laws. C) Always treat persons as ends in themselves, never merely as means. D) Both B and C. |
| According to Kant, actions have moral worth only if ... A.)They are motivated by benevolence. B.)They do not harm anyone. C.)They maximize happiness. D.)They are done from duty. | D.)They are done from duty |
| A categorical imperative is ... A)A requirement of reason that tells us that if we want something we'd better act in a certain way. B)A requirement of reason that demands that we conceptualize the world in certain ways. C)A requirement of reason that |
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