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World History Ch. 18
The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789-1815
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What were the causes of the French Revolution in 1789? | poverty, social divisions, and economic crisis |
| on the eve of the revolution, financial crisis gripped the government of Louis XVI. Rather than accept higher taxes, the commoners in France's legislative body, the Estates General, broke off to form what? | National Assembly |
| the Pre-Revolutionary population of France consisted of 27 million people and was divided into three orders, or estates. What did the Three Estates called | First Estate, Second Estate, Third Estate |
| people in this estate included: clergy and consisted of about .5% of the population, 10% of land ownership, and wasn't taxed | First Estate |
| people in this estate included: nobility and consisted of about 1.5% of the population, 25% of land ownership, and wasn't taxed | Second Estate |
| people in this estate included: commoners of society, including peasants, craftspeople, shopkeepers, wage earners, and the bourgeoisie (middle class); consisted of about 98% of the population, 65% of land ownership, and was the only estate who paid taxes | Third Estate |
| this legislative body was composed of representatives from the three orders of French society (Three Estates) | the Estates-General; this meeting opened at Versailes in 1789; each estate had one vote, so the First and Second Estates could easily outvote the Third |
| the Third Estate wanted to abolish the tax exemptions of the clergy and nobility and when they wouldn't change the unfair voting system they quickly reacted and called what? | they called a National Assembly and decided to draft a constitution |
| in anticipation of an attack by king, Louis XVI, commoners stormed the Bastille prison in Paris. The king could no longer trust the royal troops and lost control. What did this mark? | the start of the Revolution |
| the new assembly took control of the Catholic Church and adopted what document which was inspired in part by the American Declaration of Independence and Constitution? | the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen |
| the National Assembly completed a new constitution, the Constitution of 1791, which set up what? | a limited monarchy; there would be a king, but a Legislative Assembly would make the laws |
| Austria and Prussia feared the revolution would spread to their countries and threatened to use force to restore Louis XVI to full power. This led to what? | insulted by this threat, the Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in 1792 |
| the French Revolution went into a violent stage when who was captured? | Louis XVI was captured by the Paris Commune; power then passed from the Assembly to the Paris Commune |
| the National Convention's first major step was to abolish the monarchy and establish what? | the French Republic |
| Soon after agreeing to the republic, the convention split into factions (dissenting groups) over what? | the fate of the king |
| what caused outrage of most the royalty in Europe, in which an informal coalition began to form in Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain, and Dutch Republic, who took up arms against France? | the execution of Louis XVI |
| when the coalition of the European countries began to take up arms against France, the National Convention gave broad powers to to a special committee of 12 known as | the Committee of Public Safety; dominated by Maximilien Robespierre |
| the National Convention and the Committee of Public Safety took control and set up revolutionary courts to prosecute internal enemies of the revolutionary republic; 40,000 people were killed; 16,000 people died under the blade of the guillotine | the Reign of Terror |
| who did the Committee of Public Safety consider to be enemies of the state? | anyone who opposed the National Convention |
| the French Revolutionary army was the largest ever seen in European history, over 1 million, and pushed the allies invading France back across the Rhine River. This army was an important step in the creation of what? | modern nationalism; previously, wars have been fought by relatively small armys of professional soldiers. The new French army was the creation of the people's government. More people got involved when it was "their" war |
| the National Convention ended the Reign of Terror and executed its zealous leader Maximilien Robespeirre, in which power shifted into the hands of more moderate middle-class leaders who produced... | the Constitution of 1795 |
| the new constitution called for a two-house legislative body and an executive committee called what? | the Directory; 1795-1799this was an era of corruption and graft |
| the Directory relied on the military to maintain its power, a sudden overthrow of the government that toppled the Directory was led by what popular general? | Napoleon Bonaparte |
| in 1799, Napoleon formed a new government in which he held absolute power. This government was called? | the consulate |
| what personal qualities did Napoleon possess that gained him popular support? | energy, charm, ability to make quick decisions, keen intelligence, supreme confidence in himself |
| After being crowned emperor, Napoleon signed a peace treaty with Russia, Great Britain, and Austria; he also made peace with the Catholic Church and created what? | a functioning bureaucracy |
| What was the importance of Napoleon's Civil Code? | preserved many of the rights gained in the revolution; |
| Within his empire, Napoleon wanted to spread some of the principles of the French revolution including what? | legal equality, religious toleration, and economic freedom |
| What were the three parts of Napoleon's Grand Empire? | the French Empire, dependent states, and allied states |
| Britain's survival was due primarily to what? | its sea power; second important factor to the defeat of Napoleon was nationalism |
| the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols | nationalism |
| Why did Napoleon invade Russia? | Russia refused to remain in the Continental System and he feared that others would follow if Russia was not punished |
| why did Napoleon's Grand Army have to retreat ("Great Retreat")? | Russia burned their own villages which left the Grand Army without a way to get food. Many men were also killed due to horrible winter conditions |
| In 185, where was Napoleon's final defeat? | at the hands of a combined Prussian and British force at Waterloo in Belgium |
Created by:
danyell04