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Chapter 7: Nutrients
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nutrients | Compounds in food that the body requires for proper growth, maintenance, and functioning. |
| Nutrient Deficiencies | Too little of one or more nutrients in the diet; a form of malnutrition. |
| Malnutrition | The results in the body of poor nutrition; undernutrition, over-nutrition, or any nutrient deficiency. |
| Undernutrition | Too little food or energy or too few nutrients to prevent disease or to promote growth a form of malnutrition. |
| Overnutrition | Too much food energy or excess nutrients to the degree of causing disease or increasing a risk of disease; form of malnutrition. |
| Carbohydrate | A class of nutrients made of sugars; these nutrients include sugar, starch, and fiber. All but fiber provide energy. |
| Fat | A class of nutrients that does not mix with water. Fat is mostly made of fatty acids, which provide energy to the body. Referred to as lipids. |
| Protein | A class of nutrients that builds body tissues and supplies energy. It is made of amino acids and is only referred to in singular form. |
| Vitamins | Essential nutrients that do not yield energy, but are required for growth and proper functioning of the body. |
| Minerals | Elements of the Earth needed in the diet, which perform many functions in the body tissues. |
| Energy | The capacity to do work or produce heat. |
| Glucose | The body's blood sugar; simple form of carbohydrate. |
| Fatty Acids | Simple forms of fat that supply energy fuel for most of the body cells. |
| Amino Acids | Simple forms of protein normally used to build tissues or under some conditions, burned for energy. |
| Toxin | A poison. |
| Calories | Units used to measure energy. They indicate how much energy in a food can be used by the body or stored as fat. |
| Glycogen | The form in which the liver and muscles store glucose. |
| Hypothalamus | A brain regulatory center. |
| Balance Meal | A meal with foods to provide the right amounts of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. |
| Digestion | The breaking down of food into nutrients that the body can use. Its system is a series of body organs that break down foods and absorb nutrients. |
| Starch | A carbohydrate, the main food energy source for human beings. |
| Fiber | Indigestible substances in foods, made mostly of carbohydrate. |
| Sugars | Carbohydrates found both in food and in the body. |
| Constipation | Hard slow, stools that are difficult to eliminate; often a result of too little fiber in the diet. |
| Hemorrhoids | Swollen, painful rectal veins; often a result of constipation. |
| Rectum | The last part of the digestive system tract, through which stools are eliminated. |
| Empty Calories | A popular term referring to foods that contribute much energy but too little of nutrients. |
| Saturated | Concerning fats and health; those fats associated strongly with heart and artery disease; mainly fats from animal sources. |
| Unsaturated | Concerning fats and health; fats less associated with heart and artery disease; mainly fats from plant sources. |
| Polyunsaturated | A type of unsaturated fat especially useful as a replacement for saturated fat in a heart-healthy diet. |
| Cholesterol | A type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; minor part of fat in foods. |
| Grams | Units of weight in which many nutrients are measured; 28 grams equal one ounce. |
| Essential amino acids | Amino acids that are needed, but cannot be made by the body; they must be eaten in foods. |
| Vegetarians | People who omit meat, fish, and poultry from their diets. Some omit milk products and eggs too. |
| Supplement | A pill, powder, liquid, or like containing only nutrients; not in food. |
| Deficiency | Too little of a nutrient in the body. Severe ones cause disease. |
| Fat-Soluble | A chemist's term meaning able to dissolve in fat. |
| Water-soluble | Able to dissolve in water |
| Night Blindness | Slow recovery of vision after flashed of bright light at night; an early symptom of vitamin A deficiency. |
| Antioxidant | A chemical that can stop the destructive chain reactions of free radicals. Amon nutrients, vitamin C and E, betacarotene, and the mineral selenium are examples. |
| Beta-Carotene | An orange vegetable pigment that the body can change into the active form of vitamin A; one of the antioxidant nutrients. |
| Free Radicals | Chemicals that harm the body's tissues by starting destructive chain reactions in the molecules of the body's cells. Such reactions are believed to trigger or worsen diseases. |
| Osteoporosis | A disease of gradual bone loss, which can cripple people later in life. |
| Anemia | Reduced number or size of the red blood cells; a symptom of any of many different diseases, including some nutrient diseases. |
| Trace minerals | Minerals essential in nutrition, needed in small quantities daily. Iron and Zinc are examples. |
| Electrolytes | Minerals that carry charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance. |
| Salt | A compound made up of minerals that, in water, dissolve from electrolytes. |
| Hypertension | High blood pressure. |
| Urine | Fluid wastes from the body by the kidneys. |
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