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Final4micro225
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms | Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles Prokaryotic cells do not |
| identify 3 characteristics all cells share | They have chromosomes containing DNA,and have ribosomes for protein synthesis. Their protoplasm is encased in the cell or in the cytoplasmic membrane. |
| What is the first level of protein structure? | 1.Primary,The type order and number of amino acids in a chain |
| What is the secondary level of protein structure? | 2.Secondary,Functional groups on the molecule surface form hydrogen bonds causing the amino acid chain to twist into beta pleated sheats or alpha helix some proteins contain both types of secondary configurations |
| What is the tertiary level of protein structure? | 3.Tertiary,created by side chains of some amino acids,they pull everything to shape the protein |
| What is the quaternary level of protein structure? | 4.Quaternary,more than one polypeptide forms a large multi unit protein. |
| How does protein structure lead to function? | The outcome of the various forms of bonding and folding is that a more complex protein will display more distinctive patterns of pockets and bulges, needed for enzymes/antibodies (key in lock) |
| How are proteins denatured? | The 3 dimensional form of a protein is termed "the native state" heat acid or alchol as well as some disinfectants will disrupt(denature) the stabilizing bonds and cause the molecule to become nonfunctional |
| How do you write the correct Binomial name for microorganisms? | generic part is capitalized and the species part is lower cased the entire name is italicized and if written by hand, underline each portion of the entire name |
| Identify the 3 major domains and give examples of each | Eukarya(humans,protozoans), bacteria(Chlamydias,E.coli) and archaea (halobacteriales, methano coccales) |
| Name the 3 bacteria structures and their functions | External structure- move,adhere to surfaces or infect host,Cell envelope- provides structure, protection, Internal structure-contains cytoplasm,ribosome,plasmids |
| Identify which structures all bacteria possess compared to the structures that some, but not all, bacteria possess. | all have a cell membrane,cytoplasm,ribosomes,cytoskeleton,1 or more chromosome. Most but not all have a cell wall and a surface coating called a glycocalyx some but not all have an outer membrane,pili,fimbriae,plasmids,endospores |
| what are inclusion bodies? | bacteria create them to respond to environmental conditions,ex. to store nutrients,pack gas to help provide buoyancy |
| what are (prokaryotic)plasmids | double stranded DNA circle containing extra genes |
| what are ribosomes | tiny particle containing protein and RNA |
| Describe three major shapes of prokaryotes | Coccus-sphere shaped,Bacillus-Rod shaped, Spirillum-spiral shaped |
| Describe the structure and function of different types of bacterial appendages | flagella-a hook shape appendage that rotates 360 degrees for motility. Pilus-adhesion and mating(conjugation). Fimbriae-adhesion |
| what is monotrichous | single flagellum |
| what is lophotrichous? | small bunches of flagella emerging from one end |
| what is amphitrichous? | flagella at both poles(ends) |
| Differentiate between the two main types of bacterial envelope structure. (Gram pos vs. Gram neg) | Gram positive cell wall has a thick layer of peptidoglycan and a cell membrane, gram negative cell wall has a thin single layer of peptidoglycan sandwiched between a cell membrane and an outer membrane |
| Name a substance in the envelope structure (discussed in greater detail in chapter 11)of some bacteria that can cause severe symptoms in humans. | The gram negative outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharide LPS wich is called an endotoxins because it stimulates fever or shock reaction in gram negative infections such as meningitis or typhoid LPS is released during cell lyseing |
| why are penicillin and cephalosporins effective against gram negative bacteria? | because they target the peptide cross links in the peptidoglycan thus making the integrity of the cell wall causing the cell to burst(lysis) |
| Identify five requirements for infections and bacterial structures that help fulfill those requirements. | 1.Enter the host-Pili,2.Firm Attachment-fimbriae,capsule,pili,slimes 3.Surviving the host-glycocalyx,capsule 4.Cause damage-direct damage through enzymes indirect-capsule(produces a harmful host response)fluid in the lungs,5.Exit- |
| what causes walking pneumonia | Mycoplasma pneumoniae - very small bacteria with no cell wall. They adhere to epithelial cells in the lungs |
| What is chemo taxis | Flagellated bacteria can move in response to chemical signals positive chemotaxis(nutrient) negative chemotaxis is away from a harmful chemical |
| Name the parts of the cell envelope,outside to in | outer membrane(gram -),cell wall(peptidoglycan),cell membrane(phospholipid bilayer) |
| List the types of Eukaryotic microorganisms | Fugi,helmith,protozoans,arthropods |
| describe the eukaryotic cell structures and their organelles and their function | External-appendages(cilia,flagella,slimes,glycocalyx) Boundry structure-cell wall,cytolplasmic membrane. Internal structures-cytoplasm,nucleus,ribosomes,cytoskeleton,organelles(mitochondria,goli apparatus,chloroplasts,endoplasmic reticulum,lysosomes) |
| Explain the importance of ribosomes | the staging area for protein synthesis |
| whats the diff between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes | Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller 50s 30s=70s/ eukaryotic ribosomes are 60s 40s=80s |
| heterotrophic | acquire nutrients from organic sources |
| saprobe | obtain substrates from dead plants or animals |
| Parasite | feed off a living host |
| Diagram the possible configurations that nucleic acid viruses may possess and their process of replication | DNA or RNA,but not both. Double stranded or single stranded DNA Double stranded or single stranded RNA DNA viruses are replicated in the nucleus,RNA in the cytoplasm |
| Name the structure parts of a virus | covering-capsid ,envelope(not found in all viruses) Central core-Nucleic acid molecule DNA or RNA, Matrix proteins/enzymes(not found in all viruses) |
| Identify and describe the five-step life cycle of animal viruses. Compare and contrast animal virus life cycle to that of the bacteriophage life cycle. | 1. absorption 2. penetration or uncoating 3. synthesis. 4. assembly 5.release The diff. with bacteriophage life cycle is that the replicated virus is released when the cell is destroyed |
| what is the enzyme found in retrovirus | reverse transcriptase-converts RNA genomes into DNA |
| List the essential nutrients of a bacterial cell. | Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,phosphate, sulfur |
| Define fastidious | an organism needs specific nutrients to grow,example Neisseria gonorrhoeae,requires blood or hemoglobin |
| Discuss the types of membrane transport. | Passive- simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion(molecule binds to a receptor) Active-Endocytosis=stuff going into cell phagocytosis=solids in pinocytosis=liquids in |
| If a patient is dehydrated what kind of IV? | Hypotonic(more water in bag to get drawn into patient) |
| If a patient has brain swelling what kind of IV | Hypertonic(less water in bag to draw water from patient) |
| Name the general categories of bacteria based on their temperature preferences, | psychrophile,psychrotroph, mesophile,thermophile,extreme thermophile |
| aerobes | can use o2 |
| microaerophiles | need only small amounts |
| facultative anaerobes | dont need it will use it if its there |
| anaerobes | cant use o2 |
| aerotolerant anaerobes | dont use o2 but can live with it around |
| obligate anaerobes | die when o2 is present |
| Name three physical factors besides temperature and oxygen requirements that microbes must contend with | atmospheric pressure ,pH,other organisms |
| halophile | thrive in high NaCl(salt) solutions |
| List and describe the types of symbiotic and non-symbiotic associations microbes can have with their hosts | mutualism,commensalism,parasitism. Non-Symbiotic-synergism(share nutrients), antagonism(one destroys the other) |
| mutualism | both benifit |
| commensalism | one benefits the other isn't harmed |
| parasitism | parasite needs host and host is harmed |
| Identify the phases of growth in a bacterial growth curve and the events that occur within each | lag phase,exponential growth phase(log),stationary phase,death phase |
| lag phase | cells aren't growing,the cells are adjusting |
| exponential growth phase(log) | maximum cell division (growth) |
| stationary phase | sell birth and cell death are equal. caused by depleted nutrients and increased acid |
| death phase | cells begin to die at an exponential rate |
| metabolism | chemical reactions and physical workings of a cell |
| catabolism | breaking down bonds of molecules |
| anabolism | synthesis of cell molecules and structures.building bond making, producing larger macromolecules |
| what is the structure of an enzyme | a protein |
| what is a conjugated enzyme | an enzyme that requires a cofactor |
| what is a substrate reaction? | when the enzyme and the substrate come together the enzyme participates directly in making or breaking bonds |
| constitutive enzymes | always present and in relative constant amounts |
| regulated enzymes | production turned on or off when needed |
| name the chemical in which energy is stored | adenosine triphosphate ATP |
| Identify electron carriers used by cells | NADH FADH2 |
| WHAT IS GLUCOSE | C6H1206 |
| Identify the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration. | Oxygen |
| What is the significance of the electron transport system | Its a major generator of ATP |
| NAME THE 3 CATABOLIC PATHWAYS | Aerobi respiration 36-38 ATP, anaerobic respiration 2-36 ATP, Fermentation 2 ATP |
| HOW MANY ATP YIELDED IN THE TWO STAGES GLYCOLYSIS AND KREBS CYCLE | 4 TOTAL |
| HOW MANY NADH YIELDED IN GLYCOLYSIS | 2 |
| HOW MANY NADH IN PREP STAGE | 2 |
| HOW MANY NADH/FADH IN KREBS CYCLE | 6 NADH 2 FADH ENTERING IN ETC 10 NADH, 2 FADH2 10X3=30ATP 2FADHX2=4ATP + 4ATP From glycolysis and krebs= 38ATP TOTAL |
| Anaerobic resp. is different how? | It doesn't use oxygen in the final stage of the ETC |
| Fermentation makes ATP how? | makes ATP by fermenting glucose and does not use oxygen it yields 2 ATP |
| what is the "Central Dogma" | DNA is used to synthesize an RNA molecule in a process called transcription, RNA is translated into a protein and that is called translation |
| What is the end product of transcription | mRNA |
| What is the end product of translation? | Protein , or in reality a polypeptide chain ex. blue eyes , red hair, brown hair, |
| List the three types of RNA directly involved in translation | mRNA, tRNA, ribosomal RNA |
| What enzymes are involved in the processes? | RNA POLYMERASE |
| what is a Codon? | 3 nucleotides form a codon ,the codon decides which amino acid is attached |
| what is an anti codon? | 3 nucleotides an tRNA opposite the codon on the mRNA |
| Describe three forms of horizontal gene transfer used in bacteria | CONJUGATION-direct connection, TRANSFORMATION-from surrounding environment, TRANSDUCTION-piggyback |
| frameshift mutation | bases that are inserted into or deleted from a newly synthesized DNA strand |
| nonsense mutation | changes a normal codon into a stop codon |
| silent mutation | alters a base but it doesn't change the amino acid |
| missense mutations | creates a nonfunctioning protein,or one that functions diff. |
| p |
Created by:
scottanderson911