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Ch. 14-WITG
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is groundwater? | Water stored in the ground. |
| What factors affect the amount of water that seeps into the ground? | Type of rock or soil, climate, topography, vegetation, and land use. |
| What is porosity? | Percent of a material's volume that is pore space. |
| What factors affect porosity? | Particle shape. Ground particles have more space than flat or angular particles and sorting (greater pore space in materials that are all the same sizes. |
| What is permeability? | The rate at which water or other liquids pass through the pore spaces of a rock. |
| What is the grain size and permeability of sand? | Large, Great. |
| What is the grain size and permeability of gravel? | Large, Great. |
| What is the grain size and permeability of silt? | Small, Slow. |
| What is the grain size and permeability of shale? | Fine-grained, Impermeable. |
| What is the grain size and permeability of clay? | Fine-grained, Impermeable. |
| What is the grain size and permeability of pumice? | Unconnected pores and highly porous, Impermeable. |
| How can capillary water make a material impermeable. | It can fill the pore space of rocks, making it impermeable. |
| What happens at the capillary fringe? | Water rises because of the attraction of water molecules to the soil. |
| What is the water table? | The upper surface of the zone of saturation. |
| What is the zone of aeration? | Permeable layer filled with air. |
| What is the zone of saturation? | Part of permeable layer with pore space filled with water. |
| What factors affect the depth of the water table? | Amount of rainfall, amount of time that passes between rains, season, slope of ground surface, soil thickness, climate, human wells. |
| How does the water table appear in areas marked by hills and valleys? | Nearer the surface in valleys than it is in hills. |
| Why is the water table important? | Seepage from water table keeps streams flowing and maintains levels of swamps and lakes, supplies drinking water to springs and manmade wells. |
| What is and ordinary well? | A well that is dug down to the water table. |
| What must be considered when deciding the depth of a well? | The lowest level to which the water table is likely to fall to in dry weather. Depth of water table. |
| What is a spring? | Groundwater that flows out on a hillside where the water table meets the surface. |
| What is and aquifer? | Permeable layers of rocks and sediment that carry and store groundwater with enough to supply wells. |
| List the materials that make good aquifers. | Uncemented sands and gravel, followed by porous sandstones. |
| What is a perched aquifer? | An aquifer that forms on top of an impermeable layer that lies above the water table. |
| Define an artesian formation. | When an aquifer is sandwiched between 2 impermeable layers and the water is forced naturally to the surface. |
| What is the relationship between distance and depth of an artesian formation. | As the distance from the source of waters increases, the depth of the aquifer increases. |
| How does a desert oasis form? | When cracks form in cap rock and water rise through fissures. |
| How can groundwater become heated? | If it comes from a great depth or if it is located near volcanic activity. |
| What are mud pots? | Volcanic gas makes water acidic which reacts with minerals forming sticky clay minerals which splatter. |
| What is a geyser and how does it form? | A hot spring that intermittently shoots columns of hot water and steam into the air. When the tube is full of water, the bottom is under extreme pressure and heat, and the boiling water pushes out. |
| What is a fumerole? | An area of groundwater as it is released as steam in volcanic areas. |
| What is a problem with groundwater conservation? | In many areas, people are using water too rapidly. |
| What happens during groundwater overuse? | The water table lowers. |
| What happens during groundwater overuse in coastal areas? | Salt water seeps into aquifers and it become salty and unusable. |
| What happens during subsidence? | Water removal causes ground level to drop. |
| What does subsidence do to structures? | It damages their foundations. |
| What is used to replenish groundwater? | Artificial methods of discharge. |
| What are some examples of artificial discharge methods? | Pumping from ponds and well? |
| What pollutants are carried through water that seeps through the ground and where are they from? | From air, roads, and sewers, they are pesticides and toxic waste. |
| Where does 50% of the drinking water in the US come from? | Groundwater. |
| What does the water budget do? | Describes the "income" and "spending" of water in an area. |
| What is income for the water budget? | Rain. |
| What is spending for the water budget? | Water lost by use, runoff, or evapotranspiration. |
| What is evapotranspiration? | Evaporated or transpired by plants |
| What are the stages of a water budget? | Recharge, surplus, usage, deficit. |
| What is recharge? | In cold temperatures, precipitation soaks into soil and is stored between the grains. |
| What is surplus? | Saturated soil, extra precipitation raises water taller or become runoff. |
| What is usage? | When need for moisture is greater than rainfall, plants draw water from soil. |
| What is deficit? | Occurs when need for moisture is greater than rainfall and the soil water storage is gone. |
| Why doesn't rain water contain dissolved minerals? | Because when water evaporates, it leaves impurities behind. |
| Describe the process by which rainwater acquires dissolved minerals upon hitting the ground. | As groundwater passes through the lower soil layers or bedrock it dissolves minerals, and many of these minerals remain in the groundwater. |
| What is hard water? | Groundwater with large amounts of ions from dissolved minerals. |
| Where is hard water found and why? | Areas with limestone bedrock because groundwater dissolves calcium ions out of the limestone. |
| Why is having hard water a problem? | It reacts with soap to form scum and become boiler scale in hot pipes. |
| Describe why artesian water is usually hard water. | Because it travels farther and may be warmer than groundwater, so it can dissolve more ions. |
| What is a mineral deposit? | What is left when groundwater that contains dissolved minerals cools or evaporates. |
| What is geyserite? | Silica left around a geyser opening when the water rises to the surface and cools, looks white and is a porous substance. |
| How does petrified wood form? | Forms when minerals dissolved in groundwater replace the decaying wood of buried trees. |
| Describe natural cements. | Cement that binds together sand grains and pebbles to form sedimentary rocks. Some are calcite, silica, and iron. |
| What is a mineral spring? | A spring with a high concentration of mineral matter. |
| List the ways a mineral spring can form. | Water passes through rock containing easily-dissolved minerals, water contains lots of gases like CO2 and hydrogen sulfide that forms acid when mixed with water, and water dissolves minerals more easily because it is very hot. |
| How can mineral springs be dangerous? | They can be poisonous if they contain borax, sodium carbonate, and sodium sulfate. |
| What is travertine? | Calcite deposits from hot mineral water that pours out of long hillside fissures in limestone bedrock. |
| How do caverns form? | As groundwater flows through fissures in limestone, the carbonic acid slowly dissolves limestone and carries away ions in solution. After 1000 years, cracks become so large they become underground tunnels called caves. |
| Compare stalactites and stalagmites. | Stalactites are on the ceiling like icicles, stalagmites are on the ground and are blunt, rounded masses. |
| What is dripstone? | Calcite deposits formed from dripping water in caverns. |
| What is a Karst Topography and how does it form? | A topography characterized by sinkholes, sinkhole ponds, lost rivers, and underground drainage. Forms in areas with bedrock made of calcite. |
| What is a lost river? | Surface streams that disappear underground and flow out many kilometers away. |
Created by:
thranxo