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Psychology
FINAL EXAM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology = Fields of _______ and _________ | Philosophy and Biology |
| Why do individuals conform? Dr. Mills study based on what area? | Social |
| The somatic nervous system is part of which other nervous system? | Peripheral |
| Everything except smell...Brain structure that takes in all the sensory information but smell? | Thalamus |
| Circadian Rhythm refers to? | A pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle |
| Melatonin is produced by the ________ glnad | Pineal |
| Maturation refers to | biological growth process that are relatively influenced by experience |
| Egocentrism...According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to | the difficulty of perceiving things from another person's point of view |
| The same people are retested over a long period of time in a __________ study | longitudinal |
| A gender role refers to | a set of expected behaviors for male or female |
| Receiving and representing stimulus energy process by the nervous system is called what? | Sensation |
| Fovea = | central focal point of the retina |
| Which theory suggests that large fiber activity in the spinal cord can prevent pain signals from reaching the brain | gate-control theory |
| Conditioning is the process of | learning associations |
| In Pavlov’s experiment, salivation to the taste of food is the | unconditioned response |
| Extinction occurs when a _______ is no longer paired with a _________ | conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response |
| Mirror Neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for what? | Observational learning |
| The process of encoding refers to | Getting information into the memory |
| Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection refers to ____________ memory | implicit |
| Blind spot = | where the optic nerve leaves the eye |
| Cognition = | The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| Nature v Nurture is debate over _______ and ______ | genes and experience |
| In a psych experiment; the factor that may be influence by the manipulated experimental treatment | dependent variable |
| Axon | the extension of the neuron that carries messages away from the cell body |
| An undersupply of serotonin is most closely related to | depression |
| Sensory neurons are located in what part of the nervous system? | Peripheral |
| Identical twins = fertilization of | one sperm cell and one egg cell |
| The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug to feel the effect is an example of | tolerance |
| According to Piaget, schemas are | people’s conceptual framework for understanding their experiences |
| Autism = | impaired theory of mind |
| Social Learning theory emphasizes that | observation and imitation play a crucial role in the gender typing process |
| Sensory adaptation = | diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus |
| The sense of _______ is the only chemical sense | taste |
| John B. Watson considered himself a _________ | behaviorist |
| Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates | Observational learning |
| The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on | memory |
| Conscious rehearsal of what a friend just told you requires | working memory |
| Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity? | Long term memory |
| Language refers to | spoken, written, or signed words and the ways that they are combined to communicate meaning |
| Impairment of language refers to | aphasia |
| If test is standardized, this means that | a person’s test performance can be compared to that of the representative pretested group |
| The Wernicke’s area is an area of the brain involved in | language comprehension |
| The set point is | the specific body weight maintained by adults over a long period of time |
| Children who are neglected or grow up in an institution without a sense of belonging are especially at risk for developing what? | insecure attachment |
| The autonomic nervous system regulates the _______ that accompanies different emotions | Physiological arousal |
| Which division of the nervous system calms the body after the emergency is over | Parasympathetic nervous system |
| Catharsis refers to the process of | venting pent up emotion |
| The adaptation level phenomenon refers to | the tendency for standards of judgement to be heavily influenced by previous experiences |
| The importance of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences is of most central importance to which theory? | Psychodynamic theory |
| According to Carl Rogers, people who are self-disclosing and open with their own feelings are demonstrating what? | Genuineness |
| The big five trait dimensions were identified by means of | factor analysis |
| Norms are best described as | rules for socially accepted behavior |
| Deindividuation | a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in a group situation that foster arousal and anonymity |
| The onset of schizophrenia is typically associated with | early adulthood |
| Empathic understanding of the patient’s subjective experience of a | client-centered therapist |
| Psychopharmacology involves the study of | how drugs affect mind and behavior |
| William Wundt | 1879; established first psychology lab; ball falling press a button experiment |
| William James | First psychology textbook 1890; "Father of Psychology" |
| Ivan Pavlov | Learning studies/behavior |
| Sigmund Freud | psychodynamic/psychoanalysis/theory on personality/ occupation = physician |
| Jean Piaget | influential observer of children; child cognitive development |
| John Watson | Behaviorist; |
| Stress A.R.E. | Alarm Resist Exhaustino |
| APA = | American Psychiatric Association |
| Psychodynamic therapy | Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insightq |
| Action potential | a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon |
| Piaget's Cognitive Stages (4) | Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational |
| Sensorimotor (Piaget) | Experiencing world through senses; Birth - 2 years |
| Preoperational (Piaget) | Representing things in the world with words and pictures; using initiative; 2 to 7 years |
| Concrete Operational (Piaget) | Thinking logically about concrete events and arithmetic; 7 to 11 years |
| Formal operational (piaget) | Abstract reasoning; 12 years to adulthood |
| Fluid Intelligence | Reasoning speedily and abstractly; decreases in old age |
| Crystalized Intelligence | Verbal skills and knowledge gained throughout life |
| Sensation | the process by which the nervous system receives impulses |
| Perception | Interpret/organize sensory information |
| Medical model | the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and , inmost cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital |
| DSM 5 | American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistic Manual; classifies psychological disorders |
| Explicit memory | Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" |
| Implicit memory | Retention independent of conscious recollection |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
| Personality | An individual’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors [persisting over time and across situations] |
| Critical Thinking | Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assess conclusions |
| Case Study | an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
| Random assignment | Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups |
| Independent variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
| Dependent variable | The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
| Neuron | nerve cell |
| Cell body | neuron's life support center |
| Dendrites | Receive messages from other cells |
| Axon | passes messages away from cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands |
| Myelin sheath | covers axon of some neurons to help speed up impulses |
| Terminal branches of axon | forms junctions with other cells |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers that cross synaptic gaps between neurons; bind to receptor cells on receiving cells |
| NT : Acetylcholine (AcH) | Enables muscle action, learning and memory |
| NT : Dopamine | Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion |
| NT : Serotonin | Affect mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal |
| NT : Norepinephrine | Helps control alertness and arousal |
| NT : Endorphins | Lessen pain and boost mood |
| Consciousness | Our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
| Sleep | periodic natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation |
| Paradoxical sleep (REM) | Rapid Eye Movement; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Paradoxical because muscles are relaxes but other body systems are active |
| Insomnia | recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
| Narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often inopportune times |
| Sleep apnea | A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
| Night Terrors | A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered |
| Teratogen | toxins or things that can harm an embryo or fetus |
| Women and stress | tend and befriend; seek group help and therapy; oxytocin = bonding hormone |
| Male Chromosome | XY |
| Female Chromosome | XX |
| Social Learning Theory | The theory that we lean social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished; assumes that children learn gender-linked behaviors by observing/imitating |
| Gender typing | the acquisition of traditional masculine or feminine role |
| Cornea | protects eye; bends light to provide focus |
| pupil | adjustable opening |
| Iris | colored muscle for contraction/dilation |
| lens | focuses incoming light |
| retina | multi-layered tissue on the eyeball's inner surface; contains rods, cones and neurons |
| rods | receptors that detect black and white |
| cones | receptors that detect color |
| Vestibular sense | the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance |
| Learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism;s behavior due to experience |
| Generalization | (Watson: Little Albert) The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses; white rat = loud noise |
| Shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| Associative learning | Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning) |
| Observational learning | learning by observing others |
| Long term memory | relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences |
| Short term memory | Activated by memory that holds a few items briefly, such as a phone number, before information is stored or forgotten |
| Chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs autmomatically |
| Amnesia | the loss of memory |
| Cognition | the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| Phoneme | smallest set of sounds in the language |
| Motivation | a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior |
| Instinct | A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned |
| Two Factor Theory of Emotion | The Schatcher-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must: 1) Be physically aroused 2) Cognitively label the arousal |
| Stress | The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events (Stressors) that we appraise as threatening or challenging |
| Coping | alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods |
| Problem-focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor of the way we interact with that stressor |
| Emotion-focused coping | Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction |
| Subjective well-being | self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate quality of life |
| Adaptation level phenomenon | our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience; when our wealth or other things in life improve, we are happier than we previously were |
| Personality | an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
| id | contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strive to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; pleasure principle |
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | Most widely researched clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test now used for many other screening purposes |
| Social psychology | the scientific study of how we think about,influence, and relate to one another |
| Attribution theory | The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition |
| norms | Understood rules for accepted and expected behaviors. "proper" behaviors |
| Social Facilitation | Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others |
| Transference | In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (Such as love or hatred for a parent) |
| Obsessions | unwanted repetitive thoughts |
| Active listening | (Humanistic Therapy) empathetic listening |
| Client-centered therapy | (Humanistic Therapy) Developed by Carl Rogers; person-centered |
| Unconditional positive regard | a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believe would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance |
| 12 Step Program | Used by Alcoholics Anonymous |
| Major Depressive Disorder | A mood disorder in which the person experiences, in absence of drugs, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in activities |
| Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms (5) | 1) Lethargy 2) Feelings of worthlessness 3) Loss of interest in family 4) Loss of interest in friends 5) Loss of interest in activities |
| Positive symptom | delusions, hallucinationsa |
| Negative symptoms | Something that is lacking; not talking, eating |
| ECT = Electroconvulsive therapy | Biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient; help with depression |
| Big 5 Personality Traits (CANOE) | 1) Conscientiousness 2) Agreeableness 3) Neuroticism 4) Openess 5) Extraversion |
| Carl Rogers = | humanistic |
| Milgram Studies | administer "the shock"; about conformity |
| External locus of control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate |
| Internal locus of control | The perception that you control your own fate |
| Learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
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