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personality final.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| construction corollary | we predict or anticipate how we will experience such an event in the future |
| individuality | ppl perceive events in different ways. |
| organization | we arrange our constructs in patterns, according to our view of their similarities and differences. |
| dichotomy | constructs are bipolar in nature. |
| range | our constructs apply to many situations or ppl, or may be limited to a single person or situation. |
| experience | we continually test our constructs against life's experiences to make sure they remain useful |
| modulation | we may modify our constructs as a function of new experiences |
| fragmentation | we may sometimes have contradictory or inconsistent subordinate constructs within our overall construct system |
| commonality | although our individual constructs are unique to us, people in compatible groups or cultures may hold similar constructs |
| sociality | we try to understand how others think and predict what they will do, and we modify our behavior accordingly. |
| 1.What was the basic idea of Kelly’s personal construct theory? | Explains how we use constructs to understand the world. We observe the events in our life, and interpret them in our own way through these constructs. |
| 2.What is meant by a construct in Kelly’s theory? | A person’s unique way of looking at life. We use these to try to predict and control the events in our lives. (Paradigms) |
| 3.In what way are Kelly’s constructs dichotomous or bi-polar? | All constructs have an opposite. This is the way we understand what the constructs are. There is no bad without its opposite, good. |
| 6.What were some criticisms of Kelly’s theory? | •Focused too much on the intellectual and rational to the exclusion of the emotional. •Based on Midwestern young adults. •Leaves many unanswered questions. Too different from prevailing ideas. His writing is too scholarly. |
| 8.What was Kelly’s view of clients in relation to therapists? | Fixed role therapy. Clients act out constructs appropriate for a fictitious person. This shows the client how the new constructs can be more effective than the old ones he or she has been using. |
| 9.Why is Skinner’s approach sometimes not considered a theory? | •Humans as “empty organism” – inside is not important. •Used rats and pigeons, not people to study elemental processes. Didn't think personality exists, more like laws and principles than theory. |
| 10.In what areas outside of psychology has Skinner’s behavioral approach been applied? | Gambling, parenting, classroom setting |
| 11.What were Skinner’s best known books, and what was the main point of each? | Walden two- society controlled by positive reinforcement. Freedom & dignity- if we can control the environment we can improve world. |
| 12.What did Skinner mean by operant behavior? | you do something voluntarily or spontaneously and then something in the environment happens to reinforce that behavior. Ex. Pigeon pecks button and food comes out |
| operant conditioning | change in consequences of a response will affect rate of response. Ex. Rat presses bar and gets food, more pressing gets more food. Will press bar again the next day to get food. |
| fixed ratio | reinforcer following a fixed number of responses |
| variable ratio | reinforcer after unpredictable number of responses. Variable more effective. |
| fixed interval | reinforcer following a fixed amount of time after response. |
| variable interval | reinforcer after unpredictable amount of time. |
| 14.What did Skinner mean by shaping or successive approximation | An explanation for the acquisition of complex behavior.–Behavior will be reinforced only when it approximates or approaches the desired behavior. |
| 15.What was Skinner’s preference in the use of behavior modification? | therapy that applies principles of reinforcement for changing. Skinner preferred positive reinforcement |
| 16.What were Skinner’s views of human nature, the environment, and free will | The environment and experience controls everything. |
| 17.How did Skinner use single-subject experiments in his research? | Used one rat or one pigeon at a time and observed their behavior and then change schedule and see how it effective them. |
| 18.How have non-behaviorists responded to Skinner’s approach? | •Focus on overt behavior ignores uniquely human qualities. •Hard to extrapolate from pigeon to society. Dominance later challenged by cognitive movement. They would have disagreed with his views on response and stimulus. Very negative. |
| What are some differences between the approaches of Skinner and Bandura | •Bandura emphasized cognition. Vicariously/social learning. Stimulus, think/reflect&thenrespond.Study ppl humanbehavior is learned through ex,notconditioning.Skinner:operantconditioning,wedothingsbasedoffofthereactionof theenvironment.Studiedratspigeons. |
| 20.What were Bandura’s views of operant conditioning | He acknowledge it but said it wasn't finished or the whole picture. Not terribly effective. |
| 21.What did Bandura mean by “modeling,” and when is the technique of modeling used? | Modeling:a behavior modification technique tht involves observing the behavior of others &participating w/them in performing the desired behavior.basically a person models a behavior for the subject & the subject repeats the behavior. |
| 23.How did Bandura believe observational learning and reinforcement are related? | Self-Reinforcement •Administering rewards/punishments to oneself for meeting, exceeding or falling short of one’s own expectations or standards. |
| 24.What is self-efficacy and what is its importance for personality? | The power of believing you can. Our feeling of adequacy, efficiency, and competence in coping with life. high/low self efficacy effects individuals personality. |
| 25.How does the process of modeling change in relation to age? | Infancy = immediate imitation. Age 2= imitate sometime after behavior. More cognitive control of imitation as we get older. More control over choice. |
| 26.What was Bandura’s approach to therapy and psychological problems? | Use to change thoughts and feelings. Give ex of behavior you want to learn and they model it. |
| 27. What are the ethical concerns that have been raised about behavior modification? | Control and manipulation of someone else's behavior. Is it okay to change behavior/personality? |
| 28. How has Bandura’s theory been applied to worldwide problems? | Use of mass media. Focus on issues concerning quality of life for populations worldwide. Academic performance, career and job performance, physical and mental health, coping with stress. |
| 29. In Rotter’s theory is personality based on the environment or the person’s thoughts? | both |
| internal locus of control | a belief that reinforcement is brought about by our own behavior. motivation and drives. |
| external locus of control | a belief that reinforcement is under the control of other ppl, fate, or luck. world around you. |
| 31.How does internal/external locus of control (LOC) change in middle age? | Ppl typically feel more in control. |
| 33.What does Zuckerman mean by “sensation seeking” individuals? | Need for varied, novel, and complex sensations and experiences; largely hereditary. |
| 34.How does Zuckerman relate sensation seeking to one’s stage in life? | Younger people are more likely to seek adventure, risk, and novel experiences tan older people. Decreases in 20's |
| how do different groups compare on the I-E scale of internal/external orientations? | Lower social economic groups, American Indians, Asians more external. |
| what does seligman show about the importance of optimism for personality? | failure attributed to external, unstable, and specific causes |
| what does seligman show about the importance of pessimism for personality? | failure attributed to internal, stable and global causes |
| optimism | everyone has the potential to attain strengths. Possible positive outcome at each stage, regardless of earlier stage resolution. Less control - earlier stages More free will - adolescence onward. Psychosocial experiences determine more than heredity. |
| 37.What does Seligman mean by an explanatory style? | We want to understand why things happen. In our minds we try to explain things. When we can't explain something we feel anxious. We all explain things differently. Optimistic vs. pessimistic. Stable vs. Unstable. |
| 38.What are some aspects of positive psychology, in Seligman’s view? | Focuses on human strengths& virtues.Relies on rigorous experimental research&findings indicate: Money does not buy happiness. Health affects happiness. Happiness does not decline with age. Physical activity affects happiness. Married people are happ |
| 39.In current personality research, which approach(es) are growing fastest? | positive psych. Trait approach. Cognitive approach. Experimental approach. |
| 40.What has this course shown overall about the relative influence of inheritance and environment on personality? | Adler: Position in family. •Horney: Culture& time period. •Allport&Cattell: Social environment shapes genetic factors. •Erickson: Environment shapes the way stages r realized, Ethnic background helps determine personality,& Culture shapes personality. |
| 41. Which theorist emphasized feminism in a theory of personality? | horney |
| what did bandura mean by self efficacy? | The power of believing you can. Our feeling of adequacy, efficiency, and competence in coping with life. |
| bandura means by modeling | a behavior modification technique that involves observing the behavior of others and participating with them in performing the desired behavior. |
| vicarious reinforcement | learning or strengthening a behavior by observing the behavior of others, and the consequences of that behavior, rather than experiencing the reinforcement or consequences directly. |
| 44.Which personality theorists emphasized parental influences on personality? | –Eysenck’s dimensions–McCrae and Costa’s five factor model–Buss and Plomin’s three temperaments–Zuckerman’s sensation seeking. Freud, cattell, Jung. |
| 45.Which theorists viewed infancy as most important period for personality development? | Cattell |
| 46.Which theorist emphasized physiological and safety needs in the first 2 years of life? | Maslow |
| 47.Which theorist emphasized the unconditional positive regard of parents toward children? | Rodgers |
| 48.Which theorist believed that personality was shaped by age 5? | Freud |
| 49.Which of the personality theorists had a cognitive viewpoint? | bandura/kelly |
| 50.Which of the personality theorists emphasized cultural influences on personality? | Horney and Erikson, banduras |
| 52.Banduras: Covert modeling | watching people and they are modeling for you. Ex. When someone is afraid of something they watch someone who is not and they try to model their behavior to not be afraid anymore. |
| 53.Banduras: Reciprocal determinism- | Individuals are neither powerless nor completely free. The idea that behavior is controlled or determined by the individual, through cognitive processes, and by the environment, through external social stimulus events. |
| 54.Collective efficacy | a group that believes they can make a difference |
| Kelly •Fundamental Postulate | Psychological processes are directed by the ways in which we anticipate events. |
Created by:
rachaelrossi22