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Task List Area 3
Content Area 3, Principles, Processes and Concepts, 3.1-3.6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| antecedent | Conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior of interest. |
| automaticity of reinforcement | Behavior is modified by consequences irrespective of the person's awareness. |
| aversive stimulus | Stimulus conditions whose termination functions as reinforcement. |
| behavior (in general) | the activity of living organisms. Term usually references a larger set or class of responses that share certain topographical dimensions or functions. |
| behavior change tactic | A technologically consistent method for changing behavior that has been derived from one or more basic principles of behavior. |
| conditioned punisher | A stimulus change that functions as a punisher (when immediatley following a behavior, decreases the future frequency of that behavior) due to previous pairing with other punishers. |
| conditioned reflex | Produced by respondent conditioning: a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response. |
| conditioned reinforcer | A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer due to previous pairing with other reinforcers. |
| conditioned stimulus | CS. Stimulus component of conditioned reflex. A formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after pairing with unconditioned stimulus. |
| consequence | A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest. May have significant or little influence on future behavior, depending on immediacy and relevance to motivational states. |
| contingency | Dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables. |
| contingent | Consequence follows only after target behavior has occurred. |
| deprivation | State of organism re: how long since consuming or contacting a particular reinforcer. Also a procedure for increasing a reinforcer's effectiveness. |
| discriminated operant | Response occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than others. Stimulus control. |
| discriminative stimulus | A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type were reinforced and in its absence were not. This stimulus then increases the momentary frequency of the behavior due to history of differential reinforcement. |
| environment | The physical setting and circumstances in which the organism or reference part of the organism exists. |
| extinction | Withholding all reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior. |
| habituation | A decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations of a stimulus. Typically in reference to a reduction in RESPONDENT behavior due to repeated presentation of the ELICITING stimulus in a short span of time. |
| higher order conditioning | Pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned reflex. AKA secondary conditioning. |
| history of reinforcement | General reference to a person's learning experiences, particularly past conditioning of response classes or aspects of a person's repertoire. |
| motivating operation | Establishing operation. Has value-altering and evocative effects. |
| negative reinforcement | A behavior is followed immediately by the withdrawal of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior. |
| neutral stimulus | NS. A stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior. |
| ontogeny | The history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime. |
| operant behavior | Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control due to its consequences. A product of each person's history of interactions with the environment. |
| operant conditioning | The process and selective effects of consequences on behavior. Reinforcement and punishment. Occurs automatically. |
| phylogeny | The history of the natural evolution of a species. |
| positive reinforcement | A behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior. |
| principle of behavior | Describes a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables that has thorough generality across organisms, species, settings, and behaviors. |
| punisher | A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it. |
| punishment | When stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions. |
| reflex | A stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits (ex: bright light - pupil contraction). |
| reinforcement | When a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions. |
| reinforcer | A stimulus changes that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it. |
| repertoire | All of the behaviors a person can do or a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task. |
| respondent behavior | The response component of a reflex. Elicited or induced by antecedent stimuli. |
| respondent conditioning | A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response. |
| respondent extinction | Occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus until the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response. |
| response | A specific instance of behavior. |
| response class | A group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment. |
| satiation | A decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to result from continued contact with or consumption of the reinforcer that follows the behavior. Also a procedure for reducing the effectiveness of a R+. |
| selection by consequences | Fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning. All forms of (operant) behavior are selected, shaped, and maintained by their consequences during an individual's lifetime. Parallels Darwin's natural selection. |
| stimulus (Michael) | an energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells |
| stimulus class | A group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal, temporal, and/or functional dimensions. |
| stimulus control | Differential rates of operant responding in the presence or absence of antecedent stimuli due to antecedent stimuli being paired with certain consequences for similar responses in the past. |
| stimulus-stimulus pairing | Two stimuli are presented simultaneously, usually repeatedly for many trials. Often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus. |
| three-term contingency | Antecedent, behavior, and consequence. The basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior. |
| unconditioned punisher | Stimulus change functions as punisher without prior learning. Primary punisher. |
| unconditioned reinforcer | Stimulus change functions as reinforcer without prior learning. Primary reinforcer. |
| unconditioned stimulus | The stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex. A stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning. |
| behavior (Johnston & Pennypacker) | That portion of an organism's interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment. |
| How does the environment primarily influence behavior? | Through stimulus change, not static stimulus conditions. |
| How can stimulus events be described? | Formally (by their physical features), temporally (by when they occur), and functionally (by their effects on behavior). |
| What are the effects of consequences on behavior? | Consequences: can only affect future behavior, select responses classes -- not individual responses, have the greatest effect when immediate, and select any behavior that precedes them. |
| Positive punishment | A behavior is followed by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior. Type I punishment. |
| Negative punishment | A behavior is followed immediately by the withdrawal of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior. |
Created by:
ktheroux