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For the lateral projection of the cranium, what line should be perpendicular to the front edge of the IR?
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For the lateral projection of the cranium, the _________ plane should be parallel to the IR, and the __________ should be perpendicular to the IR.
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Positioning Ch 20
Cranial Radiography
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| For the lateral projection of the cranium, what line should be perpendicular to the front edge of the IR? | IOML |
| For the lateral projection of the cranium, the _________ plane should be parallel to the IR, and the __________ should be perpendicular to the IR. | Midsagittal - Parallel to IR; Interpupillary line perpendicular to IR |
| Where does the central ray enter for the Lateral projection of the cranium? | 2" above the EAM |
| During a lateral projection of the cranium, if the patient is lying on their back without the head being turned and the IR placed vertical next to the ear, what position is the patient in? | Dorsal Decubitus |
| To ensure that there is no rotation or tilt in the lateral projection of the cranium, what lines must be positioned in relation to the IR? | IOML perpendicular to front edge of IR; Midsagittal plane parallel to IR; Interpupillary line perpendicular to surface of IR. |
| For a PA projection of the cranium, what lines must be perpendicular to the IR? How should the Central ray be positioned? | OML and Midsagittal Perpendicular; CR exits the Nasion |
| The PA Axial projection of the cranium is also called what projection? | Caldwell |
| For the Caldwell projection of the cranium, what lines must be perpendicular to the IR? | OML and Midsagittal must be perpendicular |
| For the Caldwell projection of the cranium, how is the central ray positioned? | 15 degrees Caudad, exiting the nasion |
| The AP Axial projection of the cranium is also called what projection? | Towne |
| For the Towne projection of the cranium, how is the head positioned in relation to the IR? | OML & Midsagittal Perpendicular |
| How is the central ray positioned for the Towne projection of the Cranium? | CR 30 degrees caudad entering 2.5 inches ABOVE the Glabella and passing through the EAM |
| During the Towne projection of the cranium, if the patient is only able to get the IOML perpendicular to the IR, how is the Central Ray positioned? | CR 37 Caudad entering 2.5 inches ABOVE the Glabella and passing through the EAM |
| If the patient can't be positioned for the PA or Caldwell projection of the cranium, what position(s) can be used? | AP or AP Axial |
| When the AP or AP Axial projection of the cranium is used instead of the PA or Caldwell projection, what structure will be significantly magnified? | Orbits |
| On the AP and AP Axial projection of the cranium, what line(s) must be perpendicular to the IR? | OML and Midsagittal |
| How is the central ray positioned for the AP and AP Axial projection of the cranium? | AP= Perpendicular to IR, entering the nasion; AP Axial = 15 degree Cephalad entering the nasion |
| How can you tell the difference from the AP and the AP Axial projection of the cranium? | AP (no angle)= Petrous Pyramids fill the orbits; AP Axial (15º cephalad = Petrous Pyramids in lower third of orbits) |
| The reverse Towne projection of the cranium is also known as the ___________ projection. | Haas |
| The Haas method is a ______ _______ projection. | PA Axial projection |
| For the Haas method, the ____________ plane and the _______ is perpendicular to the IR. | Midsagittal plane; OML |
| Central Ray for the Haas projection is: | 25° Cephalad, entering 1.5" below the inion and exiting 1.5" above the nasion |
| The Submentovertical (SMV) projection for the CRANIAL BASE is known as the ___________ method. | Schuller |
| For the SMV projection what line should be parallel with the IR? | IOML |
| How is the central ray directed for the Schuller method for the CRANIAL BASE? | (SMV Projection): Midsagittal plane of the throat between the angles of the mandible and passing 3/4" anterior to the EAM |
| If the IOML is perpendicular to the IR for an AP Axial projection (Townes method) how much is the central ray angled? | 37° |
| If there is a 30° angle on the Towne's projection, what line is perpendicular to the IR? | OML |
| How is the Central Ray directed for the Haas method? | 25° Cephalad |
| For a PA projection of the skull where does the CR exit? | The nasion |
| What plane is parallel to the IR for a lateral projection of the skull? | Midsagittal |
| What is the CR angle for a SMV projection? | Perpendicular |
| The PA axial projection Haas method, the CR is angled which way? | Cephalad |
| For the lateral projection of the skull, what is perpendicular to the IR? | IOML |
| For a true lateral projection of the skull, what is parallel to the IR? What 2 lines are perpendicular to the IR? Where does the CR enter? | Midsagittal = parallel; Interpupillary and IOML = Perpendicular; CR enters 2" superior to EAM |
| Where does the CR exit for the PA Axial projection of the skull? | Nasion |
| For the PA Axial projection of the skull, what is the CR angle and where is it positioned? | 15° Caudad; Positioned to exit the nasion |
| The CR passes through the level of the EAM on which projection of the skull? | AP Axial (Towne Method) |
| What is the CR angle for the Caldwell method? | 15° Caudad |
| For the SMV projection of the cranial base, the CR should be perpendicular to what line? | IOML |
| If the patient cannot flex the neck enough for the OML to be perpendicular to the IR for the Towne's method, what line should be perpendicular? | IOML |
| What line should be placed parallel to the IR for the SMV projection? | IOML |
| The line that is perpendicular to the IR for the Caldwell method is what? | OML |
| What suture is between the occipital and the parietal bones? | Lambdoidal |
| The fibrous joints of the skull are called __________. | Sutures |
| How many facial bones are there? | 14 |
| The Lambda is the junction of what 2 sutures? | Lambdoidal and Sagittal Sutures |
| The sagittal suture is where? | Posterior to the Coronal suture between the left and right parietal bones |
| How many bones in the skull? | 22 |
| What are the bones of the Calvaria? | Frontal, Left & Right Parietal and Occipital bones |
| How many cranial bones? | 8 |
| What bones make up the floor of the cranium? | Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Left & Right Temporal bones |
| In newborns, the areas of the skull of incomplete ossification are called ____________. | Fontanels |
| The Bregma is the junction of what? | Coronal and Sagittal sutures |
| What suture is between the parietal and temporal bones? | Squamosal |
| The point where the Parietal, Occipital and Mastoid portion of the Temporal bones meet is called the _______________. | Asterion |
| The junction of the Parietal bone, Squamosal suture, and the greater wing of the sphenoid is what? | Pterion |
| Where is the Coronal suture? | Between the Frontal and both parietal bones |
| What method will show the Petrous Ridge in the lower 3rd of the orbits and the anterior ethmoidal air cells? | PA Axial Caldwell Method (15 Degrees Caudad); AP Axial (15 degrees Cephalad) |
| Which projection will demonstrate the petrous pyramids filling the orbits? | PA Skull (no angle) |
| What will be magnified on the AP projection of the skull compared to the PA projection of the skull and what will the outer edge be closer to? | Orbits; Outer margin of orbits closer to lateral margin of temporal bone |
| Which projection will demonstrate the posterior portion of the foramen magnum with the dorsum sellae and the posterior clinoid process projected within the foramen magnum? | AP Axial (Townes Method) |
| To demonstrate the entire foramen magnum on the AP Axial (Townes) the Central Ray should be directed: | 40 to 60 Degrees Caudad |
| Both of these projections will demonstrate symmetric petrous pyramids, and the Dorsum Sellae and Posterior clinoid process within the Foramen Magnum: | Townes and Haas |
| What method is used to demonstrate the cranial base? | Schuller Method (SMV) |
| What line is parallel to the IR for the SMV projection? | IOML |
| The SMV projection will clearly demonstrate what? | 1)Mastoid process 2)Carotid Canals 3)Ethmoidal & Sphenoidal Sinuses 4)Dens within the Foramen Magnum |
| Where and how is the central ray directed for the AP Axial projection of the skull? | To the nasion, 15 Degrees Cephalad |
| Both the Townes and Haas projections are used to demonstrate what? | Occipital bone, Foramen Magnum, symmetrical petrous pyramids, and the dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid process within the foramen magnum |
| What will be superimposed on the lateral projection of the skull? | Orbital Roofs, EAM, TMJ, Greater Wings of the Sphenoid |
| Which projection will demonstrate the Sella Turcica in profile and clearly demonstrate the Anterior clinoid process, Dorsum Sellae and Posterior clinoid process? | Lateral |
| What line is perpendicular to the IR for the lateral projection of the skull? | Interpupillary Line |
Created by:
foster1317