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oceanography Final
toshi urakawa
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a hypothesis consistently supported by observation and experiments is a ___ | theory |
| estero bay is a goos example of what kind of estuary ___ | bar-built |
| in ecology, the position of an organism occupies in a food chain is called ___ | trophic level |
| what estuary is not a common low latitude zone? | fjord estuary |
| in ecology, an organisms physical location or address is called ___ | habitat |
| which mangroves are found in the most seaward shore? | red mangroves |
| ____ are the gas-exchange organs of the black mangroves | pneumatophores |
| the underside of this mangrove leaf is silver and the shape is slender | black mangrove |
| which seagrass is found in the deepest zone of estero bay | manatee grass |
| seahorses are usually found in ___ | seagrass beds |
| skilletfish are usually seen in ___ | oyster reefs |
| the crown conch, is a predator of ___ | oysters |
| the ospreys diet consists almost only of ___ | fish |
| this organism does not have a planktonic stage __ | amphipods |
| the major ecological rolls of oyster beds are? | provide habitats, filter water, serve as food |
| what kinds of manatees live in the florida coasts ? | west indian manatee |
| is the number of manatees in florida increasing or decreasing? | decreasing |
| the total biomass and number decreases with increasing trophic level is a explanation about what | food web |
| in ecology, population is a group of organisms of ___ species in a given area | the same |
| what environmental factor does not affect marine life on rocky shores | pressure |
| too much or too little of a single abiotic factor can negatively affect the function and distribution of an organism is called __ | limiting factor |
| a tooth replacement system that is seen in sharks is an example of ___ | convergent evolution |
| what is the highest rank in taxonomy | kingdom |
| a feature of an erosional coast is ___ | sea stack |
| in bar built estuaries, the islands are separated from the mainland by shallow bodies of water called ___ | lagoons |
| sea cliffs, sea caves, blowholes, and arches are related to ___ | erosion by waves |
| a problem facing many beaches in the US east and west coast is __ | loss of sand and the erosion of beaches |
| organisms such as diatoms of copepods that spend their entire life cycle in plankton are ___ | holoplankton |
| the rocky shores of main are called ___ | erosional coasts |
| the origin of manatees are likely from ___ | central america |
| the dugong is a ___ in the food web | primary consumer |
| chesapeake bay is a good example of ___ | drowned river estuary |
| the tea-colored water of estero bay is caused by ___ | tannic acid |
| estero bay estuary formed approximately ___ years ago | 5000 |
| how many centimeters are in one kilometer | 100,000 |
| in estero bay the salinity is generally low in ___ | rainy season |
| twenty miles is approximately ___ kilometers | 32 |
| the most commonly occurring experimental value is ___ | mode |
| Rogue waves are best described as____ | Freak waves that occur due to interference and result in a wave crest higher than the theoretical maximum |
| A wave will break when the height has increased to greater than____of the wavelength | 1/7 |
| Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning Bay of Fundy: | True amphidromic systems do not develop because of the shape of the bay |
| Tropical latitudes gain more heat than they lose. High altitudes lose more heat to space than they gain. Only at ___ degrees N and S latitudes, the amount of sun energy received and lost is balanced. | 38 |
| Tropical cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere spin: | Counterclockwise |
| What factors affect wind wave development | All the above (wind speed, wind duration, and fetch) |
| There are ___ main wind bands in each hemisphere of the Earth | 3 |
| Extratropical cyclones typically form | at high latitudes, at the junction between polar cells and the Ferrel cells. |
| Wave _____ is propagation of a wave around an obstacle | Diffraction |
| _____ become gravity waves(wind waves)as their wavelength exceeds 1.74 cm | Capillary waves |
| Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning tropical cyclones? | a tropical cyclone is a strom system characterized by a large high-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds (must have more than 40 mph) and heavy rain |
| The first waves to form on the ocean surface when the wind starts to blow are | capillary waves |
| The tidal pattern characteristic of Fort Myers is | mixed tides |
| We can find palm trees in Southwest England because | Gulf Stream and North Atlantic current carry the heat to SW England |
| The major winds in Hadley cells are called | Trade winds |
| When air masses meet or come together | one air mass may ride up and over the other and form a front |
| Where is the windiest and waviest ocean? | The Southern Ocean (West wind drift surrounding Antarctica) |
| If the first part of a tsunami to reach land is a trough called a ____ the water along the shoreline recedes dramatically, exposing normally submerged areas: | Drawback |
| The greatest expanse of bach is exposed at low tide (i.e. lowest low) during which of the following tides | Spring tides |
| Hurricanes are not formed on the Equator because the ___is not enough there | Coriolis Force |
| Water particles in waves move | In circular orbits |
| In the open sea (offshore) a tsunami can reach an average wave height of about | 1 meter |
| ____Occurs when waves 'bounce back' from an obstacle they encounter | Wave Reflection |
| About what general latitude is Fort Myers | 26 degrees north |
| Major winds in Ferrel cells are called | Westerlies |
| true or false; accuracy means how close the measured values are to each other | false |
| true or false; estuaries are quite important because they maintain great biodiversity | true |
| true or false; manatees teeth are renwed by a new tooth when the old one wears out | true |
| true or false; dolphins can use sonal to find fish hiding in the sand | true |
| T or F; overwashed mangrove forests form a zonation with mangroves and other terrestrial plants | false |
| T or F; longshore current is an ocean current that flows perpendicular to the shore | false |
| Tsunami generated by the vertical movement of Earth along faults are seismic waves. What cannot generate a tsunami? | Hurricanes |
| Wind blows from? | High pressure systems to Low pressure systems |
| What is not necessary for tropical cyclone formation | High tide |
| zonation of cora reefs is mainly controlled by ___ | abundance of predators |
| up to 90% of the nutritional needs of stoney corals is supplied by symbiotic ___ | zooxanthellae |
| fire corals are found mainly in ___ | reef crest |
| what coral reefs have lagoon ? | fringing reefs |
| elevated temperature, excessive amounts of radiation, aerial exposure, and bacterial infection are causes of ___ | coral bleaching |
| the gulf stream is a ____ current | western boundary current |
| during an el nino year, the ___ weaken on the pacific ocean | trade winds |
| what is the most important role of geostrophic currents? | carry heat |
| the densest seawater in the atlantic ocean is the ____ | antarctic bottom water |
| what substances has the highest heat capacity ? | water |
| Sea breezes occur after | Sunrise |
| A wave of water moving up a river, intiated by tidal action and normal resonance within a river estuary, is called a ___ | Tidal bore |
| New Orleans received huge damage from hurricane Katrina because of all of the following reasons EXCEPT | Katrina landed on Florida before it headed for New Orleans |
| Which is FALSE explanation about tides | Tides are called free waves |
| Surfers enjoy | Plunging Waves |
| When waves approach the shore, wave length___ | decrease |
| Fort Myers is which kind of tidal zone? | Microtidal |
| When waves approach the shore, a series of changes takes place. One change is that the | Wave breaks whent the ratio of the wave height to water depth is 3:4 |
| What is important to reduce the damage of a Tsunami in the future? | all of the above (setting of tsunami warning systems, tsunami education, researching a tsunami) |
| The distance between two adjacent crests is called | the wavelength |
| Which is a false explanation about the moon and tide? | a lunar day is 22 hours and 50 min |
| Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding solar heating of the Earth? | High latitude zones receive more solar energy than the low latitude zones |
| Air condition of high pressure is | Chilly and Dry |
| Warm air is ____ than cold air | lighter |
| A point in the ocean around which the tide crest rotates through one tidal cycle is called | an amphidromic point |
| North America's most violent extratropical cyclones that come in winter are called | Nor' Easters |
| When the sun and mooon are in a line with the Earth, the____ will occur | highest high tides and lowest low tides (spring tide) |
| Gravitational and Centrifugal forces make tidal bulges (T/F) | True |
| At the first and third quarter moons, the sun, Earth and moon form a right angle, creating spring tides (T/F) | False |
| Flood current is the flow of water away from the land with the approaching low tide (T/F) | False |
| Tsunami is only dangerous when they get close to land and increase in wave height (T/F) | True |
| Slack water is a time of no current (T/F) | True |
| when ice melts, ___ large quantities of heat | absorbs |
| what is the one current that does not flow in the atlantic ocean | peru current |
| the average depth of the worlds oceans is about ___ | 3800 |
| current tend to move in large ___ patterns in the northern hemisphere | clockwise |
| the largest of the western boundary currents is the ___ | gulf stream |
| a system of cour currents completing a flow circuit around the periphery of an ocean basic is collectively called ___ | gyre |
| the main force driving thermohaline circulation is ___ | gravity (density) |
| the sound velocity in the ocean is influenced by pressure is regarding ___ | sound in the ocean |
| the theoretical direction of ekman transport is ___ to the right of the wind direction on the northern hemisphere | 90 degrees |
| ___ are not an important factor for the formation of geostrophic currents | tides |
| a water molecule is electrically bonded to nearby water molecules by ___ | hydrogen bond |
| the property of water that accounts for the ability of liquid water to absorb heat and change only very little in temperature is called ___ | high heat capacity |
| T or F; the average water temperature of the ocean is 14 C | false |
| oxygen enters seawater as a ___ | by product of photosynthesis and diffusion from the surface |
| dead zones are mainly formed in ___ | summer |
| the wavelengths of light that penetrate deepest into the nearshore water are ___ | green and yellow |
| the principle of constant proportions states that __ | the ratio of major salts in samples of seawater from various places is constant |
| sound is horizontally concentrated rather than diffused as it moves through the water, acoustical energy losses are relatively small, sound waves travel great horizonatal distances, and sound velocity is a minimum are parts of ___ | oceans deep sounds channel (sofar layer) |
| what percent of fish are marine fish | 60% |
| when a fish hides from predators, search for bait, and search water currents they use their ___ | lateral line |
| the red drum has a ___ caudal fin | truncated |
| skates and rays have greatly enlarged ___ fins | dorsal |
| the deep-bodied fish keep ___ | high maneuverability |
| catfish are what kind of fish | bottom-dwelling fish |
| the movement of water across a cell membrane from and area of high concentration to low concentration is ___ | osmosis |
| the shape of a sharks caudal fin is characterized as ___ | heterocercal |
| butterfly fish are what kind of fish | deep-bodied fish |
| what kind of information can be delivered from otoliths? | age of fish |
| T of F; 1,000 species of fishes had been described by 2010 | false |
| in osmoregulation, marine fish need to drink seawater because they are in ___ environments | hypertonic |
| karenia brevis, a phytoplankton species known to produce brevitoxin is a ___ | dinoflagellate |
| sharks and rays are ___ | cartilaginous fishes |
| T or F; the countercurrent arrangement of fish gills allows efficient gas exchange between the blood and the water to occur along the entire length of the blood vessel | true |
| T or F; corals eat zooplankton at night | true |
| T or F; fish ears are internal structures that evolved from the lateral line system | true |
| T or F; the surface water temperature monitoring in the central atlantic is important for the prediction of el nino | false |
| Gravity, ___ and heat are factors contributed to the formation of Earth's layers | Density |
| The ocean was formed how long ago | about 4.3 Billion years ago |
| All of the following components are found inside of Earth EXCEPT | middle core |
| The behavior of ___ generated by earthquakes give scientists some of the best evidence about the structure of the Earth | seismic waves |
| Earlier than 200 million years ago, the continents were joined into one supercontinent called | Pangea |
| the state of gravitational equilibrium between the Earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere is called | Isostasy |
| One cubic meter of which would weigh more? Seawater, Granite Rock, or Basaltic Rock | Basaltic Rock (oceanic rock) |
| What did Alfred Wagner use to explain his continental drift theory? | Fossils |
| The oceanic crust is primarily ___, a heavy, dark colored rock | Basalt |
| The magnetic striping of the seafloor is considered evidence of periodic reversals in the polarity of the Earth's magnetic field and___ | Sea floor spreading (ocean ridges) |
| All of the following are true concerning subduction zones EXCEPT | They are sites where lithospheric plates are diverging or pulling apart |
| How can a satellite sense teh contours of the ocean bottom from space? | By using radar to sense the height of the sea surface over submerged features |
| The main island of Japan was formed by | The plate convergence of oceanic crust toward oceanic crust |
| The deep ocean basin includes all of the following except: Continental Shelf, Abyssal Hill, Abyssal Plains, & Mid ocean ridges | Continental Shelf |
| All of the following components are generally found near the subduction zone EXCEPT: Narrow Continental Shelf, Active Margin, Volcanic Mountain Ranges, & Spreading Zone | Spreading Zone |
| The origin of submarine canyons is not well understood, but it is most likely from | Underwater avalanche of sediments |
| Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding continental shelves of South and North America | Limited developments of continental shelves are seen in the Atlantic Coast |
| The continental margin does not contain | Deep ocean floor |
| which country is a top country in an annual fish harvest record in the world? | china |
| what is the top ranked fish by quantity in the US | pollock |
| the world commercial fish catch is ___ now | slowing down |
| T or F; if you eat cultured salmon for example, it means you are consuming wild fish indirectly | true |
| the US is the ___ country in an aquaculture harvest record in the world | 8th |
| US aquaculture production is __ in a decade | increasing |
| T or F; filet-o-fish in a fast food restaurant is made from atlantic cod | false |
| orange roughy lives in ___ | deep sea |
| T or F; orange roughy can live longer than 100 years | true |
| how can we reduce bycatch? | development of new gears |
| usually marine fish having little of no market value and used for livestock/fish feed in the different countries are ___ | trash fish |
| the amount of harvested fish used to feed domestic animals is ___ | increasing |
| ___ are major food source for the livestock of development countries | anchovies |
| T or F; the numbers of salmon mariculture farms in alaska are increasing every year with support of government | false |
| T or F; one big problem of salmon farms in the pacific coasts is the escaping of fish from cages | true |
| removing of fish from the population faster than they can be replaced is called ___ | overfishing |
| what is the most popular aquaculture fish in the US? | catfish |
| a mariculture technique uses salmons natural homing instinct is called ___ | ranching |
| what is more environmentally friendly for mariculture? | oysters |
| the right whale is included in ___ | baleen whales |
| the large scale whale migration patterns are more common in ___ | baleen |
| sea otters are belonging to the order ___ | carnivora |
| porpoises are belonging to the order ___ | catecea |
| dugongs are belonging to the order__ | sirenia |
| T or F; blue whales occasionally eat phytoplankton such as diatoms and dinoflagellates | false |
| marine mammals are covered with a thick layer of fat called ___ | blubber |
| animals that generate and regulate metabolic heat and maintain an internal body temperature generally higher than their surroundings are ___ | endothermic |
| the countercurrent blood flow system in flippers and tails in whales enhances efficient transfer of ___ | heat |
| T or F; whale fetuses have hour limbs during the development | true |
| porpoises are members of ___ | toothed whales |
| sea lions are members of ___ | eared seals |
| what animal can swim the deepest, northern elephant seal, fin whale, sea otter | northern elephant seal |
| the ___ is a fatty organ believed to associate with echolocation | melon |
| the US consumes about __ of the worlds oil | 25% |
| oil, __ and natural has are the 3 principle energy sources now | coal |
| most of the oil and natural gas are found in ___ | continental shelf |
| T or F; natural gas is a reusable source | false |
| the dominant component of natural gas is ___ | methane |
| T or F; natural gas presents as a form of methane hydrate in ocean sediments | true |
| what is the problem of tidal power station construction in coastal zones ? | destruction of habitats |
| T or F; tidal power can potentially supply 30% of the worlds energy | false |
| pelamis is the worlds first commercial ___ energy generator | wave |
| what is the largest course of marine pollution ? | runoff and discharges from land |
| various synthetic organic chemicals run into the ocean are incorporated into marine organisms, this is called ___ | biomagnification |
| the largest environmental problem in the world is likely ___ | expansion of human population |
| Which word does NOT relate to the mid Atlantic Ridge | Plate Convergence |
| What is the smallest type of particle in sediment characterization | Clay |
| Carbonate sediments are rare in very deep sea environments because | The carbonate shells dissolve in deep water |
| Which of the following is the most abundant sediment in the ocean | Biogenous Sediments |
| In the process of lithification, sediments: | are converted into solid rock by heat and pressure |
| Radiolarians and diatoms are both examples of | Organisms that form siliceous oozes |
| Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding sediments | Well sorted sediments are composed of particles of various sizes |
| Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding air borne dust | Air borne dusts are classified as cosmogenous sediments |
| Which is a FALSE statement about Dover's white cliffs | Siliceous ooze |
| ___ accelerate the sedimentation of biogenous materials | Fecal pellets |
| Which word does NOT relate to hydrogenous sediments? Microbial Mineralization, Manganese Nodules, Evaporites, Cocoliths, or Oolites | Cocoliths |
| Sources of terrigenous sediments includes all of the following EXCEPT | Asteroids |
| In hydrothermal vents, symbiotic bacteria oxidize___ to generate energy | Hydrogen Sulfide |
| The average ocean carbon productivity is ___ fC/m2/year | 120 |
| Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding trophic levels | Approxamately 30% of energy is generally transferred to the next trophic level |
| Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding tube worms | They have blue blood containing hemocyanin |
| Estimation of the potential fish production in the ocean may be achieved by using | satellite images |
| Broad continental shelves are found in the ___ | East Coast |
| The total biomass __ with increasing the trophic level | decreases |
| Primary productivities are generally high in the __ latitude zones | high |
| What is a technique to determine the age of ancient rocks | radioactive dating |
| In the pelagic province, the water depth between 1,000 and 2,000 meters is called | Bathypelagic |
| The Earth's cores consist mainly of mantle (T/F) | True |
| Cosmogenous sediments are often found in hydrothermal vents (T/F) | False |
| The average ocean depth is about 6,000 meters (T/F) | False |
| Red Sea is a good example of spreading zone (T/F) | True |
| Hawi'ian islands are moving toward the Northwest (T/F) | True |
| The continental shelves have thicker average sediment layers than the continental rises (T/F) | False |
| Annual averaged ocean productivity is larger than that of terrestial productivity (T/F) | False |
| Chemosynthesis is a type of primary production like photosynthesis (T/F) | True |
| Manganese nodules found in the deep sea floor were originally transported by turbidity currents (T/F) | True |
| Iceland is located on the Mid Atlantic Ridge (T/F) | True |
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KAzetapi