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Chapter Nine
Financing and Governing America's Schools
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
| Unlike many other nations, we fund our schools through a very ________ system. | decentralized |
| The _____ and ______ governments share the biggest burden of funding schools. | local and state |
| The federal government contributes about _____ to _____ percent of the total funds available to schools. | six to eight |
| What is the major source of school revenue? | property tax |
| Property taxes are levied on... | real estate and sometimes personal property, such as boats and cars. |
| Whether a school has abundant or deficient resources is based primarily on... | the wealth of the community being taxed. |
| In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that education was not a fundamental right under the US Cinstitution, and that preserving local control was a legitimate reason to use the property tax system. | San Antonio v. Rodriguez |
| In Serrano v. Priest, the CA Supreme Court ruled that the state's financing system was unconstitutional, because... | the property tax system violated equal protection of the right to an education. |
| This decision ushered in both a wave of litigation in other states and an increase in the state share of school funding. | Serrano v. Priest |
| The reformers who took funds from wealthy districts and redistributed them among poorer districts were known as _____ ____ _____. | Robin Hood Reformers |
| In this type of funding, the state provides funds to ensure that each student receives a minimal or "foundation" level of education resources. | foundation program |
| In foundation programs, the minimum established to create a foundation of resources is often... | far below actual expeditures. |
| This type of funding program adds state funds to poorer districts, helping to reduce economic inequities. | guaranteed tax base program |
| Cases such as ______ v. ______, in which failing schools in Camden, NJ received redistributed aid, led to a new line of litigation which focused on educational outcome instead of financial input (per-pupil expenditures). | Abbott v. Burke |
| The continued inadequacy of the Abbott districts in Camden, NJ caused the politically unpopular idea of redistributing tax dollars to now be considered _______. | ineffective |
| State constitutions do not guarantee a(n) _______ education. | equal |
| State constitutions do guarantee a _____ education to all. | basic |
| The clauses in state constitutions which gaurantee and "efficient" or "sound basic education" are referred to as ____ ____ _____... | adequate education guarantees, intended to ensure that all students have the basic skills they need to be effective citizens and compete in the labor market. |
| Local control of schools and local responsibility for school funding was established when? | This practice was in place during colonial times. Since school funding is not explicitly addressed in the Constitution, it officially became the duty of the states to decide how to fund schools. |
| Equitable funding is... | woefully inadequate. |
| The sales tax accounts for ____ percent of the typical state's income. | 30% |
| Sales tax is ______, because poor families must spend most of their income purchasing necessities, and end up feeling the impact of the tax much more than wealthy people. | regressive |
| The ______ ______ _____ brings in more than 25% of state revenues. | personal income tax |
| Roughly _____-_____ of the states now have lotteries. | two-thirds |
| Because of the Constitution, ______ _____ is a problem that the United States seems unable to correct. | interstate equity |
| Under the US Constitution, education is... | not a fundamental right. |
| The federal government influences schools through... | categorical grants, block grants, and federal laws. |
| A ______ _____ is funds directed at specific categories and targeted educational needs. | categorical grant |
| _____ ______ are lump sums of money that are given to the states with great latitude in how to spend the money. | Block grants |
| In 1979, President ______ ______ established the Department of Education. | Jimmy Carter |
| Today, we are in a period of _____ government responsibility for the financing of schools. | shifting |
| Reformers are focusing less on financial inequity and more on educational _______. | inadequacy |
| Many reformers are promoting a _____ ____ and the value of competition as the keys to school improvement. | business culture |
| A bond is defined as... | a certificate of debt issued by a government guaranteeing payment of the original investment plus interest by a specified future date. |
| When local governments need to replace aging buildings, they usually resort to _____ _____. | issuing bonds |
| ______ _______ determine educational policy. | School boards |
| Members of school boards tend to be... | white, male, middle or upper class, and middle-aged. |
| Which ammendment of the US Constitution states that "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the states respectively or to the free people." | Tenth Ammendment |
| Hiring and firing of teachers is done by the _____ _____ _____. | local school district |
| _____ issue teaching licenses. | States |
| The _____ _____ ___ _____ is responsible for formulating educational policy. | State Board of Education |
| The members of the state board of education can gain their position how? | They can be appointed by the governor or chosen in a statewide election. |
| The chief state school officer is responsible for... | overseeing, regulating, and planning school activities, as well as implementing the policies of the board of education. |
| How does the state superintendent come to office? | He/She is usually selected by the board of education but sometimes campaigns for the position in an election. |
| Superintendents, commissioners, secretaries of education, and directors of instruction are also referred to as _____ ______ _____ ______. | chief state school officers |
| The ____ ____ ___ ______ performs the administrative tasks needed to implement state policy. | state department of education |
| The ____ ______ usually manages and state department of education activities. | state superintendent |
| The state department of education is responsible for... | licensing teachers, testing student progress, providing information and trainng teachers, distributing state and federal funds, seeing that local school systems comply with state laws, and conducting educational research and development. |
| All states except Hawaii have delegated much of the responsibility for local school operstion to ____ ____ ____. | local school districts |
| Most local school districts _____ the state organization, with a local school board that is usually elected, a superintendent, and an office of education. | mirror |
| Local school districts may be responsible for... | school construction, taxing, budgeting, the hiring of school personnel, curriculum decisions, and local school policy. |
| ______ _______ outline minimum curricular and graduation standards. | State governments |
| During the past two decades, the influence of local school boards has _______. | decreased |
| Most school board memebers view themselves as _____ ______. | trustee representatitves |
| Trustee representatives are selected to serve because of their... | independece from ever-changing popular opnion, educational expertise, and good judgment. |
| Delegate representatives are responsible for... | implementing the will of the public (or being voted out of office if they do not). |
| ____ -______ elections are those in which the entire school district votes for all members of the schoolboard. | At-large |
| This type of school board election is in line with the notion of ______ _______. | trustee representatives |
| School board elections in which small geographic areas select board members to represent its interests, favors ______ representation. | delegate |
| At-large elections typically result in more ____, _____ _____, and ____ _____ individuals being elected to school boards. | elite, politically conservative, upper-class |
| Poorer citizens, people of color, and women are less likely to find themselves on school boards selected through ____ ____ elections. | at-large |
| If school boards continue to be financed less from local funds and more from state funds, local school boards could become ____ _____. | less influential |
| Many new reforms call for ___ ____ ____ , site-based management, or choice programs that relegate the school board to a less important, perhaps even unneccesary role. | new governance organizations |
| The Twentieth Century Fund and the Danfoth Foundation conducted an extensive study of school boards and recommended a total overhaul of the system,charging that... | school boards have become immersed in administrative details, are not representing local communities, are not represntative with individuals of color, women, the poor, and the young, and is too limited in scope. |
| Whose study suggests that school boards take a backseat when it comes to educational reform? | The Twentieth Century Fund and the Danforth Foundation |
| By the twentieth century, the superintendent's role has changed from that of the board's administrative employee to its... | most knowledgeable education expert--from helper to chief executive officer. |
| The _____ is the most powerful education officer in the school district, responsible for budgets; buildings; new programs; daily operations; long-term goals; short-term results; and recruiting, hiring, demoting, and firing personnel. | superintendent |
| Over 80% of superintendents are ____ and over 90% are _____. | male and white |
| Districts often choose _____ instead of educators to be their superintendent. | managers |
| Unofficial but highly involved persons and groups in school government constitute the _____ _____ of schools. | hidden government |
| Parents, vocal individuals, the school secretary, and community groups have _____ ____ and can bring significant pressure to bear on which teachers stay in school, and which leave. | covert power |
| This person is often the eyes and the ears of the principal. | secretary |
| These people are often a source of information for principals and of supplies for teachers. | custodians |
| The influence of the business community in US schools can be described as _____ and _____. | extensive and growing |
| Companies that formalize a relationship with a school, by dedicating personnel or products or signing exclusive rights contracts, are said to have formed a(n) ______ ______. | educational pertnership |
| The most far-reaching initiative in education to have emerged in recent years is the growing ______ ______ in public schools. | corporate interest |
| Teachers traditionally have been ____ from meaningful involvement in school governance. | omitted |
| One reason for unresponsive schools is _____ _____. | sheer size |
| Making smaller schools and districts into larger ones is called_______. | consolidation |
| Creating smaller schools and districts is called_________. | decentralization |
| Efforts to empower teachers include... | site-based or school-based managements and collaborative decision making. |
| Scool-based decision making shifts decision making from the central district to _____ _____. | individual schools |
| _______ ______ _____ creates teacher committees to share power between the principal and the faculty. | Collaborative decision making |
Created by:
styers.barbara