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Oceanography exam 5
toshi urakawa
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sea food dishes are around ___ of protein for us | 4% |
| the ____ landings are the largest of any single fish species in the U.S. but are now declining quickly | alaska pollock |
| sharks do not ___ quickly, thus have smaller #s of babies | reproduce |
| ___ are top predators (small #s in ecosystem), grow slowly, and reproduce slowly | sharks |
| the top 10 major groups of seafood supply nearly __ of the commercial marine catch | 95% |
| ___ is the top marine fish harvester | China |
| more than 15 million people are included in this, includes large commercial fleets, and high technology devices to find and catch fish efficiently | industrial fishing |
| the WWF says a ____ is the key to addressing the problem of overfishing (regulation of license, # of days of fishing) | reduction in fishing capacity |
| ___ is removing a fish from the population faster than they can be replaced, if continued sufficiently long, the resource will collapse | overfishing |
| in the US, ___ of the fish stocks are overfished | 65% |
| we harvest ___ million metric tons/year | 138.1 |
| ___ have been and important commercial fish for 100s of years. | atlantic cod |
| ___ and ___ have caused the population of the atlantic cod to fall to less than 10% of its original size | overfishing and destructive fishing practices |
| technologies to find and catch fish efficiently include; __ | satellite sensors, sonar, etc... |
| the longevity of the orange roughy is ___ | up to 130 years with age at first maturity between 20 and 32 years |
| deep-living species that occurs in 500-1500 meters worldwide is __ | targeted deep-sea fish |
| ___ is when fish and marine mammals are caught unintentionally in a fishery while intending to catch other fish | by-catch |
| nearly ___ of the worlds recorded fish catch is unused, wasted or not accounted for | half |
| ____ fisheries represent a major source of undesired by-catch | tropical shrimp |
| there is ___ to escape of reduce by-catch | development of new gears |
| the ___ device will limit accidental capture of larger marine species | trash and turtle excluder |
| the increase of worlds appetite for fish is finally ___ | slowing down |
| fishing is the most dangerous job in the US, __ to __ deaths per 1000 workers each year (.15%) | 1 to 2 |
| ____ promises economic and environmental benefits | sustainable mariculture |
| in 1950, __ of the worlds catch was used for food, and ___ was used for fish-meal products mainly to feed the livestock of more developed countries | 90% and 10% |
| in 1988, ___ of catch went to feeding people and ___ went to feeding domestic animals (a trent that continues today) | 60% and 40% |
| what is the most harvested fishes? | herring, sardines, anchovies |
| ___ are essential for food web, significant amount of catch, difficult to keep fresh, and most consumption is by livestock | anchovies |
| the U.S. is number __ out of the top 5 harvesters of fishes, crustaceans, and mollusks (in millions of metric tons) | 3 |
| the U.S. is number __ out of the top 15 aquaculture-producing countries | 8 |
| the top 15 aquaculture-producing countries are based on ___, including aquatic plants | tonnage |
| U.S. aquaculture ___ rapidly from 1980 to 1990 with a 8% change per year | increased |
| the annual revenue from mariculture in the U.S. is ___ million | 180 |
| two major mariculture's are ___ and ___ | salmon and oysters |
| the species that is cultured the most in the U.S. is ___ (49%) | catfish |
| most the fish aquacultured is ____ | freshwater |
| the total salmon production has increased ____ since 1980 to meet demand | three-fold |
| approximately 60% of the worlds ____ comes from fish farms | salmon |
| ___ and ___ produce close to 2/3 of the worlds farmed salmon | Norway and Chile |
| salmon aquaculture is currently ___ in Alaska, for economic and environmental reasons | prohibited |
| escaped fish in the pacific coasts, antibiotics, spread of disease/parasites, deterioration of sediment under cage due to waste, and relying on trash fish for food are all _____ | environmental concerns |
| ___ from salmon farms threaten the wild Pacific salmon | sea lice |
| the natural homing instinct of salmon makes salmon ___ quite successful | ranching |
| cetacea, carnivora, and sirenia are all the 3 groups of___ | marine mammals |
| ___ is 2 groups: toothed (odonticetes) and baleen whales (mysticetes) | cetacea |
| ___ are seals, sea lions, walruses, and sea otters | carnivora |
| ___ are only herbivorous marine mammals; manatees (atlantic) and digongs (pacific) | sirenia |
| the ___ shape with limbs adapted for swimming makes an aquatic lifestyle possible. | streamlined body |
| ___ is reduced by slippery skin or hair covering | drag |
| they generate ____ from high metabolic rates, and conserve this heat with layers of insulating fat and, in some cases, fur | internal body heat |
| streamlined body, internal body heat, respiratory system, and osmotic adaptions are the ____ of marine mammals | 4 common shared features |
| ___ gives favorable surface-to-volume ratios; with less surface area per unit of volume they lose less heat through skin | large size |
| ____ is a thick later of vascularized fat found under the skin of all cetaceans, pinnipeds, and sirenians | whale blubber |
| the great majority of marine organisms are ___ (cold blooded) | ectothermic |
| the ___ approximately doubles with each 10 degrees C temp rise | metabolic rate |
| mammals, birds and some fishes are ___ (warm blooded) | endothermic |
| the upper limit of temperature is often ___ than its optimum temp | not much higher |
| ___ can tolerate a tremendous range of external temperature compared to ___ | endotherms, ectotherms |
| sea otters eat more than ___ of their own body weight each day | 25% |
| mammals expend about ___ as much energy as similarly sized reptiles | 10 times |
| the ___ is modified to collect and retain large quantities of oxygen | respiratory system |
| biochemistry of blood and muscle is optimized for the retention of oxygen during deep, is called ___ | prolonged dives |
| a # of ____ free marine mammals from any requirement for freshwater; (no freshwater requirement to drink) | osmotic adaptations |
| initially animals nostrils are located at the end of its snout, but before birth the migrate to the top of the head to form characteristic ___ | blowholes |
| the small four legged animal Indohyus is in order ____ | cetacea |
| lost neck and projected ears and the development of blubber and countercurrent blood flow in flippers and tails are ___ of whales | body structures |
| the ____ whale can dive the deepest | sperm whale |
| ____ when whales sometimes stick their heads straight up out the water and survey surroundings | spy hopping |
| spy hopping, breaching, tail slapping, fluke up, and flipper flapping are all _____ | cetacean behaviors |
| ___ is when whales sometimes completely or almost completely leave the water; may be to establish dominance | breaching |
| ___ makes a huge splash and noise to either mark position of be aggressive behavior | tail slapping |
| there are ___ species of known whales | 79 |
| the 2 groups (suborders) of whales are ___ and ___ | baleen and toothed |
| ___ have extensive annual migrations, store blubber, calve in equatorial waters in winter, 2 year breeding cycle, 1 year gestation and 1 year feeding young, 50% fat milk, and sound generation used for communication and to map bottom | baleen whales |
| ___ whales lack teeth, baleen used to filter food, feed on krill/small fish | baleen |
| dolphin, porpoise and small-middle sized whales; more variety, predators, teeth, live where they want, little migration, inshore for winter and offshore for summer, store little blubber are ___ whales | toothed |
| the orange roughy is a targeted ____ | deep-sea fish |
| toothed whales search for food using ___, a biological equivalent to sonar | echolocation |
| echolocation is in relation to the ___ of the organism | melon |
| largest toothed whale, deepest diver, polygynous, challenging targets for whales, endangered are ____ | sperm whales |
| porpoises have a head that is ___ with no ___ whereas dolphins do | rounded off, no beak |
| the ___ contains dog, cat, bear, raccoon, and weasels | order carnivora |
| the ____ contains seals, sea lions, and walruses | suborder Pinnipedia |
| the ___ includes cats, dogs, raccoons, bears and sea otters | suborder Fissipedia |
| ___ seals use their flippers to move; sea lion and fur seals | eared seals |
| eared seals, true seals, and walruses are the 3 groups of ____ | Pinnipeds |
| ___seals have front and back flippers cannot rotate, no external ears; seals | true seals |
| ___; no external ears, Odobenidae, tusks, whiskers, great bulk, can rotate flippers | walruses |
| the ____ seal has the deepest max dive | northern elephant seal (male) |
| the ___ has the fastest underwater speeds (25 mph) | california sea lion |
| ___ inhabit northern pacific ocean, fur (no blubber), thin skin, powerful jaws, playful, do not venture | Sea otter |
| oil, coal and natural gas are the 3 ___ sources now | principle energy |
| the ___ is the largest oil consumer in the world | United States |
| approximately ____ barrels of oil are used in the U.S. a year | 30 million |
| barrel is defined as __ U.S. gallons | 42 |
| metric ton of oil is defined as ___ U.S. gallons | 308 |
| oil(petroleum) and natural gases are ____(fossil energy) | physical resources |
| wind, tides/waves are ___ (reusable energy) | marine energy |
| oil is a complex chemical soup of ____ | hydrocarbons |
| most the the oil and natural gas resources are on the ____ | continental shelf |
| about ___ of crude oil comes form the seabed | 34% |
| ____ is the largest hydrocarbon resource on earth and believed as a relatively clean energy source | natural gas |
| about ___ of natural gas comes from the seabed | 30% |
| natural gas presents as a form of ____ | methane hydrate |
| __ is the fastest growing alternative to oil as and energy source | wind energy |
| if development continues, wind could provide __ of electricity demand by 2025 | 12% |
| electricity can be generated from tidal currents if the range is greater than ___ in a large bay | 5 meters |
| ___ is the main source of marine pollution | runoff and discharges from land |
| a ___ causes damage by interfering directly of indirectly with organisms biochemical processes | pollutant |
| ___ is a multiplication of toxicity, quantity, and duration time | damage |
| ___ of the oil spills in the oceans are natural processes | half |
| the worst kind of spilled oil is ___ | refined oil |
| most life forms in spill area recover from effects within about ___ years | 5 |
| the methods used to contain and clean up a oil spill sometimes causes ___ than the oil itself | more damage |
| ___ (dispersant) used to disperse oils are especially harmful to marine organisms | detergents |
| for beach clean ups, detergents and ___ are used | hot water |
| ___ relies on bacteria is suitable for the clean up of contaminated environment | biological degradation |
| ___ causes eggshell thinning | chlorinated hydrocarbons |
| ___ when many different synthetic organic chemicals run into the ocean and are incorporated into marine organisms; chlorinated hydrocarbons, PCBs, dioxin, endocrine disruption, and neurotoxocity | biomagnifications |
| heavy metals (mercury,lead,copper,tin), excess nutrients (eutrophication) and plastic trash are ___ | other pollutant forms |
| pelamis is the worlds first commercial __ energy generator | wave |
Created by:
KAzetapi