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Coondensed chap1/2/2

QuestionAnswer
RUNGS DNA LADDER SAME LENGTH/ ON OF ECAH TYPE BASE.
ADENINE + WITH THYMINE. 2 HYDROGEN BONDS.
GUANINE + CYTOSINE 3 HYDROGEN BONDS. COMPLEMENTARY.
THE QUANTITIES OF GC AND AT ARE ALWAYS SAME. BUT THE RATIO OF AT TO GC VARIES FROM SPECIES.
EACH COMPLETE TURN OF THIS HELIX /ARE 10 BASE PAIRS.
DNA PASS GENETIC INFO FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION FROM CELL TO CELL.
INFINITE SEQUENCE OF DNA BASES ALONG THE MOLECULE. MAKES GENETIC DIVERSITY.
DNA STABLE LIKE TABLE PASS GEN WITHOUT CHANGE.
2 STRANDS JOINED BY HYDROGEN BONDS.
CAN SEPARATE DURING DNA REPLICATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
LARGE CARRY A LOT OF GENETIC INFO.
GENETIC INFO PROTECTED BY CORRUPTION FROM CHEMICALS AND PHYSICAL FORCES.
(HSW ) EVIDENCE DNA IS HEREDITARY MATERIAL:
DNA HALVED IN SPERM CELLS QUANTITY.
MICE : BACTERIUM THAT CAUSED PNEUMONIA. 2 FORMS SAFE STRAIN R S STRAIN.
MICE INJECTED WITH LIVING R STRAIN AND DEAD S STRAIN. BOTH GROUPS REMAINED HEALTHY.
BUT WHEN INJECTED WITH BOTH THEY GOT PNEUMONIA.
EXPERIMENT WAS REPEATED.
DNA PASSED FROM ONE BACTERIUM TO ANOTHER –BY VIRUSES.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPES / IMAGES OF DNA GOING VIRUSE TO BACTERIAL CELLS.
GENE SECTIONS OF DNA THAT CONTAIN THE CODED INFO FOR MAKING POLYPEPTIDES./PROTEIN/ ENZYMES.
GENE IS SEQUENCE OF DNA BASES THAT DETERMINE THE POLYPEPTIDE.
A POLYPEPTIDE IS A SEQUENCES OF AMINO ACIDS.
AS CODE HAS 3 BASES CALLED TRIPLET CODE. 64 POS CODES ONLY 20 AMINO A.
SOME AMINO HAVE MORE THAN ONE CODE.
IN EUKARYOTES . NON CODING DNA . INTRON.
FEATURES OF THE TRIPLET CODE:
AMINO ACID MORE THAN ONE CODE DEGENERACY OF THE CODE.
TRIPLET CODE READ IN ONE DIRECTION ON DNA STRAND.
THE START SEQUENCE ALWAYS METHIONINE CAN BE REMOVED.
3 TRIPLET CODES MARKS END OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN .‘STOP CODES’.
DNA AND CHROMOSOMES PROKARYOTES CELL
PROKARYOTES / DNA MOLS SMALLER / CIRCULAR / NOT ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEIN /NO CHROMS.
DNA LINEAR AND LARGER /ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS/ FORM CHROMOSOMES.
CHROMOSOME ONLY VISIBLE WHEN CELL IS DIVIDING.
2 THREADS HELD BY CNETROMERE.
THE DNA IN CHROMOSOMES / HELD IN POSITION BY PROTEINS.
2M DNA COILED AND FOLDED.
HELIX WOUND ROUND PROTEINS TO FIX IT IN POSITION,
A LOT OF DNA PACKED IN SINGLE CHRMOSOME.
THE CHROMOSOME CONTAINS A SINGLE MOL IF DNA.
SINGLE DNA MANY GENES LENGTH.
ALWAYS EQUAL/ CHROMOSOME OCCUR IN PAIRS (HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS).
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES SEXUALLY EGG AND SPERM, ONE CHROMOSOME EACH.
MOTHERS CHROMOSOMES IN EGG (MATERNAL CHROMS), FATHER (PATERNAL CHROMS.)
IN MEIOSIS THE HALVING OF NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES ENSURE EACH DAUGHTER CELL HAS ONE CHROMOSOMES FORM EACH HOMOLOGOUS PAIR.
SO EACH CELL RECEIVES ONE SET OF INFO FOR EACH CHARACTERISTIC.
HAPLOID CELL COMBINEDIPLOID STATE AND HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES RESTORED.
INDIVIDUAL INHERITS ONE ALLELE FROM EACH PARENT , MAY BE SAME OR DIFF.
WHEN ALLELE WILL CODE FOR A DIFF POLYPEPTIDE. / DIFF SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACID /HENCE A DIFF PROTEIN.
PROTEIN MAY NOT FUNCTION / NOT COMPLEMENTARY/ENZYME NO FUNCTION.
MITOSIS: PRODUCES 2 DAUGHTER NUCLEI WITH THE SAME NUMBER OF CHROM AS PARENT.
MEIOSIS: PRODUCES 4 DAUGHTER NUCLEI /EACH WITH HALF THE NUMBER OF CHROM AS PARENT.
MEIOSIS GOOD / MAINTAIN CONSTANT NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES.
PROCESS OF MEIOSIS 1
THE HOMOLOGOUS CHORMOSOMES PAIR UP/ CHROMATIDS WRAP AROUND EACH OTHER.
END HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS /SEPARATED /ONE CHROMOSOMES FROM EACH PAIR GOING/ INTO ONE OF THE 2 DAUGHTER CELLS.
THE SECOND MEIOTIC DIVISION / THE CHROMATIDS MOVE APART.
END 4 CELLS HAVE BEEN FORMED . 23 CHROMS.
MIOSIS ALLOWS /ORGANISM TO ADAPT AND SURVIVE/ IN CHANGING WORLD.
BRINGS ABOUT GENETIC VARIATION BY:
INDEPENDENT SEGREGATION OF HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES, 2. RECOMBINATION OF HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES BY CROSSING OVER.
LOCUS – THE POSITION OF A GENES ON A CHROMOSOMES OR DNA MOL.
ALLELE – ONE OF THE DIFF FORMS OF A GENE.
INDEPENDENT SEGREGATION OF HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
EACH CHROMOSOME LINES UP/RANDOM HOMOLOGOUS PARTNER.
SO CHROMOSOMES THAT GOES INTO THE DAUGHTER CELL AT MEIOSIS 1 IS RANDOM.
MOVEMENT DEPENDS/ON LINE UP.
VARIETY FORM NEW GENETIC COMBINATIONS :
MEMBER OF A HOMOLOGOUS PAIR OF CHROMOSOMES / SAME GENES / SAME CHARACTERISTICS
THE ALLELES MAY DIFFER (BROWN .BLUE EYE.). PRODUCED NEW GENETIC COMBINATIONS.
STAGE 2 : AT END OF MEIOSIS 1 : THE HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES HAVE SEGREGATED INTO 2 SEPARATE CELLS.
STAGE 3: AT END OF MEIOSIS 2 – THE CHROMOSOME HAVE SEGREGATED INTO CHROMATIDS PRODUCING 4 GAMETES THE GAMETES ARE
THE GAMETES DIFFERNET / DIFF CHRMOSOMES.
RANDOM FUSING CREATE VARIETY IN OFFSPRING.
GENETIC RECOMBINATION BY CROSS OVER:
AFTER EACH CHROMOSOME LINES UP ALONGSIDE ITS HOMOLOGOUS PARTNER.
THE CHROMATIDS EACH PAIR TWISTED AROUND ONE ANOTHER.
TWISTING CREATES TENSIONS /BREAKING POINT.
BROKEN PORTIONS REJOIN WITH THE CHROMATIDS OF /HOMOLOGOUS PARTNER. SAME PRORTIONS.
NEW GENETIC VARIETY.
NO RECOMBINATION BY CROSS OVER 2 CELLS PRODUCED . RECOMBINATION / 4 CELLS ARE PRODUCED.
Created by: ufuoma
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