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Fallacies
Study for Fallacies Quiz
| Fallacy | Description |
|---|---|
| Logic | system of reasoning which allows one to perceive the relationship of element to element to whole in a set of objects individuals principles or events. Also the study of methods and principles used to distinguish good from bad reasoning. |
| Argumentum Ad Baculum | a threat, argument of the "stick," "bandwagon" approach - it is correct because it is popular. |
| Argumentum Ad Verecundiam | appeal to authority; but in an area outside his/her area of expertise |
| Argumentum Ad Homminem | to attack the person instead of the argument. Abusive (name calling). Circumstantial (attack on person's race, gender, religion, age, etc.) |
| Argumentum Ad Misericordiam | to use emotion or to call upon pity to hide the real argument. |
| Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam | arguing from ignorance. Since I don't know if A is false then B must be true |
| Ignoratio Elenchi | the use of another issue - usually an emotional one - to draw attention away from the real issue. Also called Red Herring. |
| Special Pleading | argument that the rules should not apply to this "special" case |
| Black or White Argument | presenting an either/or situation when there are other alternatives |
| Accent | shift emphasis or accent in a deceptive way |
| Accident | trying to disprove a statement that is generally true with a very specific example |
| Hasty Generalization | to generalize based upon only a few examples |
| Fallacy of the Beard | assuming that individual actions have no collective impact |
| Truth is in the Middle | a claim that "average" gives you the true picture when that is not true; the use of facts or figures to tell what is "true" but not what is "accurate" |
| False Cause | something is stated to be the result of something else, when no causal connection can be found. Something is stated to be the ONLY cause, when there may be many causes. |
| Petitio Principii | assuming your conclusion as your proof. Also where two things are seen as the cause and effect of each other. Also caused Begging the Question or Circular Reasoning. |
| Equivication | the words of an argument have a double meaning. |
| Amphiboly | the phrases and sentences have a double meaning |
| Complex Question | a double question when the answer to the first is assumed to be "yes" |
| Composition | working from the parts to the whole, so that a quality of each one of the parts is assumed to apply to the whole |
| Division | working from the whole to the parts |
| Slippery Slope | this "casts a tiny misstep today as tommorow's avalanche." Are also often scare tactics (exaggerated future predictions) |
| Moral Equivalence | suggesting that serious wrongdoings don't differ in kind from minor offenses. |
| Non Sequitur | one point doesn't logically follow another |
| Post Hoc | based upon the mistaken notion that simply because one thing happens after another, the first event was a cause of the second event. Often leads to superstitions. Type of true cause. |
| Ad Hoc | an "after-the-fact" explanation. Refers to some explanation which exists for no other reason but to save a favored hypothesis. Type of false cause. |
Created by:
jennawhetsel
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