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Gov Ch 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In what four ways are our country's bureaucracy unique? | sharing authority, sharing functions, adversary culture, and close public scrutiny |
| What guidance does the Constitution offer regarding the bureaucracy? | no mention of departments or bureaus |
| In what four ways did patronage help presidents early in U.S. history? | provide rewards, build up party organization, influence Congress, and keep subordinates supportive of his policies |
| What two twentieth century events caused the federal bureaucracy to become more active? | the Great Depression and World War II |
| What event often triggers the growth of the federal bureaucracy? | war |
| Why did the federal bureaucracy grow between 1816 and 1861? | increased demands on traditional functions |
| In what way did World War II affect government revenue? | the government raised a lot of revenue from taxation |
| When did the federal government begin regulating the economy to a significant extent? | ICC |
| What were appointments to the civil service based on until later in the twentieth century? | patronage |
| With whom do federal agencies share their power? | related state agencies |
| Where do many bureaucrats fight their battles and try to rally public opinion? | media |
| According to the text, where do many of the problems of bureaucracy come from? | political context |
| What are some examples of government by proxy? | Social Security, Medicare, environmental protection, collection of taxes |
| What are some arguments in favor of government by proxy? | flexibility, it takes advantage of private skills, and it defends the principle of federalism |
| What is government by proxy? | legislators make laws and others implement them |
| What is discretionary authority? | making policies that are not spelled out in advance by laws |
| How does discretionary authority reflect the importance of the federal bureaucracy? | appointed officials have a lot of discretionary authority |
| What broad factors explain the behavior of the bureaucracy? | rewards, personal attributes, outside forces, and method of recruitment |
| Describe the typical civil servant. | a college educated middle-aged white male |
| How does the makeup of the federal civil service reflect the United States? | cross section of the United States |
| Name the personal attribute that has a major impact on bureaucrats. | professional training |
| What factors shape a federal agency's culture? | laws, rules, routines, and informal understandings |
| Describe Americans' attitudes toward bureaucracies and bureaucrats. | they are satisfied withe the bureaucrats with whom they have contact |
| Bureaucratic problems cannot be separated from the problems of what other organization? | the government |
| Whose fault is it when bureaucracies operate at cross-purposes? | Congress |
| How does Congress supervise the bureaucracy? | statutes, appropriation, and investigation |
| What should government hiring practices reflect? | merit, accounting rules, and citizen access |
| What is the competitive service? | appointing officials on the basis of a competitive exam |
| What is the buddy system? | when an agency circumvents a regular job search by offering a job to the person it wishes to hire |
| What is the excepted service? | hiring someone outside of the competitive service |
| When did the merit system begin? | the Pendleton Act of 1883 |
| What is an advantage of the merit system for presidents? | it protects them from patronage demands |
| What role did President Garfield play in its passage? | his assassination garnered support for it |
| What is an example of the buddy system? | when a civil service service job is filled on a name-request basis |
| Before the merit system was established, how were civil service appointments filled? | patronage |
| In so far as the federal bureaucracy is concerned, what does no president want to do? | increase its size |
| Number 39 | |
| What does a presidential appointee to head a federal agency discover about his or her subordinates? | they are powerful |
| What influence does a bureaucrat's values and beliefs have on his or her work when it is highly structured? | little influence |
| How can you best describe the typical federal bureaucrat's views toward most policy questions? | middle of the road |
| What is the point of the Whistle-blower Protection Act of 1989? | to protect bureaucrats who reveal their boss's wrongdoing |
| What laws are examples of constraints on the federal bureaucracy? | the Administrative Procedure Act and the Freedom of Information Act |
| Why do regulations act as a constraint on the federal bureaucracy? | they must follow a very large number |
| What is a disadvantage of having a strong agency culture? | resistance to change |
| What congressional committee exerts the greatest control over the federal bureaucracy? | the House Appropriations Committee |
| How does Congress exercise authority over federal agencies? | statutes |
| What is the difference between an authorization and an appropriation? | authorizations are larger |
| How might a member of Congress exert informal control over a federal agency? | he/she might seek privileges for a constituent |
| What is committee clearance? | agency decisions must be submitted to the committee prior to implementation |
| What is an iron triangle? | the relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group |
| Why is taking action more difficult to do than blocking action in a bureaucracy? | many voices must be heard before action is taken |
| Why are interest groups important to federal agencies? | they are important to Congress |
| In what way does the bureaucracy act as a constraint on the bureaucracy? | it is often necessary to get approval from multiple agencies before taking action |
| What is the best way for an agency to remain powerful? | an alliance with a powerful interest group |
| Before recommending legal action against a business, what would a Federal Trade Commission lawyer be most concerned about? | a clear crime was committed |
| Before recommending legal action against a business, what would a Federal Trade Commission economist be most concerned about? | that consumers were injured |
| What is the adversary culture? | decisions are challenged in court |
| How would you best describe the process of firing a bureaucrat? | labor intensive |
| Why is it not really true that the size of government has decreased since 1970? | the number of contractors and indirect workers has grown |
| According to the text, why have civil service examinations become less common? | a more diverse work force |
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