Save
Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or

show password
Forgot Password?

Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or

Username is available taken
show password

Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.


Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.

Question

What are the seven dimensions of ABA?
**** Know this!!*** Baer and Wolf talked about this in their 1968 Jaba article
click to flip
focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
 
Knew it?
click below
Don't know

Question

Radical Behaviorism, Experimental Analysis of Behavior, ABA, and Clinical Practice have what in common?
Remaining cards (363)
Know
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how

Oral Comps - Vickie

oral comp study questions

QuestionAnswer
What are the seven dimensions of ABA? **** Know this!!*** Baer and Wolf talked about this in their 1968 Jaba article GET ACAB Generality, Effective, Technological, Applied, Conceptually Systematic, Analytic, Behavioral
Radical Behaviorism, Experimental Analysis of Behavior, ABA, and Clinical Practice have what in common? 4 domains of ABA Radical behaviorism and Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB) and Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) are all involved in the Science of Behavior Analysis. ABA and Clinical practice of ABA are both the application of Behavior Analysis.
Behaviorism Comes from the perspective of theory and philosophy. It is conceptual and philosophical analysis.
Experimental Analysis of Behavior research oriented- design, conduct, interpret, and report basic experiments.
ABA Applied Research - design, interpret, and report applied experiments.
Clinical practice Helping people be more successful., design, implement, and evaluate behavior change programs. (more controlled
Representation of Experimental Control 1. Radical Behaviorism - least control----EAB----ABA---Clinical Practice -most controll
Radical Behaviorism includes private events, such as thinking and feeling It is Skinner's attempts to explain all behavior
Methodological Behaviorism Rejects all events that are not operationally defined.Rejects private events.It is based on what we see and do. Same behavior principles as as radical except for private events.
Mentalism Believe in the soul, mind, free will, assumes a mental or inner dimension. It relies on hypothetical constructs and explanatory fictions. (id. super ego)
How is RB, EAB, ABA, CP alike? Because they all attempt to account for behavior.
The field of ABA is unique in Six key components: –Guided by attitudes of methods of scientific inquiry –All behavior change procedures are described & implemented in a systematic, technological manner –Only procedures conceptually derived from the basic principles of behavior are
It is unique because it is SBRAPDE - Scientific, Behavior is the subject,Role of environment in causing behavior,accountable, public (published) deterministic, empiricistic
Johnston and Pennybacker Events that occur within the skin, (private/covert events) such as feelings, are examples of behavior and are subject to behavioral laws, but they are not considered to play a causal role in behavior because they cannot be directly observed and measured.
Why is skin a crtical part of behavioral philosopy? (Johnston and Pennybacker) Overt: events are public or external, visible to others Covert: private behavior (not visible outside to the outside observer,does not mean that it isn’t happening or that it doesn’t matter (internal event of hunger leads to external event of eating)
Baer, Wolf, and Risley (1968)Experimental control Experimental control is demonstrating that an intervention reliably produces a particular change.
Experimental Control with DV In an experiment, one variable is called the dependent variable and the other the independent variable. The researcher is looking for the possible effect on the dependent variable that might be caused by changing the independent variable. DV- TB- measure
Experimental Control mentioning the IV The independent variable is the variable that the experimental manipulates (generally referred to as the intervention) and the dependent variable is the variable that the experimenter measures (generally it is the target behavior) after implementing the i
How do single-subject designs show experimental control? Experimental control is achieved when a predictable change in behavior can be reliably produced by manipulating the IV Single-case designs demonstrate experimental control using one person as both the control and experimental participant.
What is meant by the term, “repeated measures” and why is it important in single-subject design? Repeated measures are when data is collected on multiple occasions to give a number of data points on all phases of the experiment.
Single subject designs - verification The experimenter can increase the probability of behavior was functionally related to the IV by verifying the original prediction of unchanging baseline measures.
Single subject design steady state The behavior occurs in a highly predictable pattern, a stable pattern of behavior
Describe how the field of ABA is unique through each of the following Scientific - it is a systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge, the phenonmenom under study is usually socially important behaviors.
" " Behavior is the main subject matter
" " Role of the environment in causing behavior - all behavior occur within the environmental context by stimulus change, assuming you change the environment, you can change the behavior
" " Accoutable- reliance on frequent and direct measures to detect behavior change
" " Public - visible, explicit, straightforward
" " Deterministic - this is the presumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place.
" " Empiristic - this is the practice of objective observation of the phenomenon of interest. It is what all scientific knowledge is built on.
One of the four RB, EAB, ABA, Clinical RB and EAB are involved in the Science of Behavior Analysis. ABA and Clinic practice are the both the application of behavior analysis
ABA is unique in the following SGABRAPD
ABA is unique in the following S - Scientific - the purpose is to achieve a thorough understanding of the phenomenon of the natural world
ABA is unique in the following G - goals of description, control, and prediction
ABA is unique in the following A- Attitudes of Science - DETERMINISM (lawful) AND EMPIRICISM (objective observation)EXPERIMENTATION, REPLICATION, PARSIMONY, PHILOSOPHICAL DOUBT
ABA is unique in the following B - behavior is the main subject matter
ABA is unique in the following
ABA is unique in the following
ABA is unique in the following Role of the Environment
ABA is unique in the following Accountable - relies on direct and frequent measures.
ABA is unique in the following P- Public and visible
ABA is unique in the following
ABA is unique in the following D-Deterministic - assumption that science is predicted the universe is a lawful place.
Extraneous or Confounding variables they are not the IV but can affect the results of the experiment
Experimental Designs Reversal, Multiple Baseline, Multi-element design
REversal A-B-A-B demonstrates a functional relationship and shows replication of treatment effects.Disadvantange- withdrawal of treatment may be unethical,desirable or even possible.
Mulitiple Baseline adv. useful in assessing generalization Intro the same experimental variable across subjects,behaviors,or settings to show consistent treatment effects. Advantage useful when reversals should not be done and Disadvantage - may not show experimental control even if fr, may be seen as weaker.
Multi-Element Design has rapid alternation of 2 or more distinct treatments (IV)while the effects of the target behavior (DV) are measured. Interventions alternate regardless of the level of responding
Multi-element design - advantage - does not require treatment withdrawal. Minimizes irreversibility, minimizes sequence effects, can be used with unstable data. can be used to assess generalization
Multi-element reversal design - disadvantage Multiple treatment interference. It is considered contrived, artificial, and maybe undesirable. Sometimes experimenters will have 5 designs. 4 should be max
Kennedy states, "There is no such thing as an outlier behavior." Kennedy book states that they are events that occur outside of the experimental situation, but can potentially influence the behavior under study and examples are sleep deprivation, health problems, etc... It doesn't have to happen during the intervention
How is variability of an individual research participant viewed differently by behavior analyst compared to researchers who use group designs. Variability is an opportunity to learn more aboutthe types of events that influence behavior ex. confounding variables need to be identified and controlled.
How is variability of an individual research participant viewed differently by behavior analyst compared to researchers who use group designs. ....Group design researchers believe that the effects of uncontrolled variables in a study can be somehow controlled by statistical manipulations of the dependent variable.
What is internal validity? extent to which an experiment shows the changes in behavior are a function of the IV and not the result of uncontrolled variables.
Threats to internal validity are .... history effects, maturation effects, testing effects, instrumentation effects, participation selection bias, regression to the mean, attrition, and order effects.
history effects events that occur outside of the experiment but can possibly influence the behavior under study.  Ex: sleep deprivation, out-of-school math tutoring
maturation effects normal developmental processes that influence the behavior under study. Ex: when studying the effect of language development, if the experimental effect from the IV is slow, it may be unclear how much of the effect is from normal maturation not IV
testing effects changes in behavior that might occur when exposed to a testing situation.  Ex: exposure to test may teach learning how to answer questions more accurately.
instrumentation effects malfunction in software and/or hardware being used to record behavior Ex: software glitch Behavior recorded by others can result in inaccurate representation of responding. Ex: poorly trained observers who inaccurately record the behavior of interest.
participation selection bias the equivalence of people being assigned to different treatment groups. Ex: mostly in group comparison approach and not a single case design
regression to the mean phenomenon in which highly unlikely outcomes (outliers) occurring within a normal distribution tend not to reoccur when re-sampled (Gould 1981). Ex: In behavior analysis there is no such thing as an outlier behavior, all behaviors occur for a reason!
attrition individuals dropping of a study for some systematic reason that is unrecognized by the researcher. Ex: the intervention may be too complex for an individual to complete, it may not be socially acceptable, may produce unwanted side effects
order effects the ordering (sequence) of the intervention or treatment affects what results  Ex: intervention 1 affects results of intervention 2
Kennedy (2005) stated that through replication the process of science is self-correcting. What does this mean? If study not replicable, decisions need to be made about conclusions from original study and/or replication study
What are the two types of replication? Direct replication, systematic replication
Data collection procedures are.... event recording, permanent product recording, partial interval recording, whole-interval recording, time sampling/momentary time sampling recording, continuous recording.
Event recording Encompasses a wide variety of procedures for detecting and recording the number of times a behavior of interest occurs. -Best measures: discrete behaviors
permanent product recording Measures behavior after it has occurred by measuring the effects that the behavior produced on the environment. Best measures: when the product and environmental effect of the behavior is of concern
partial interval recording The observation period is divided into a series of brief time intervals. The observer records whether the behavior occurred at any time during the interval. -Tends to over-estimate behavior. -Best measures: infrequent behaviors
whole interval recording The observation period is divided into a series of brief time intervals. It is recorded if the behavior occurred throughout the whole interval. -Tends to under-estimate behavior -Best measures: behaviors targeted for increase
Time sampling/momentary time sampling recording The observer records whether the target behavior is occurring at the specified moment. -Observers do not have to continually measure. -Best Measures: continuous activity behaviors, engagement with a task, behaviors that are easily identified.
Continuous recording all responses are recorded during the entire observation period.It provides an actual measure of behavior. Disadvantage - labor intensive or even impossible under time constraints
IRR also known as IOA a.k.a. IOA; Monitoring the consistency with which Dependent and Independent variables are being measured during a study (and extraneous variables if warranted)
How is IRR corrected? Independent observer watches in person or on tape and records occurrences based on operational definition
When reporting IRR, what is considered an acceptable score? 80%
What is the most common type of IRR calculation and why? Occurrence / Nonoccurrence agreement because it is the most rigorous of the commonly used approaches to fully characterize the degree to which consistency was obtained by different observers during a study.
How do you calculate IRR interval by interval? number of intervals agreed on -------------------------------------------- _____________________________________________number of intervals agreed + the number of intervals disagreed X100
How do you calculate IRR occurrence/nonoccurrence? Same as interval but allows for calculating two agreement coefficients one for occurrence and one for non occurrence(OA/OA + D x 100%)(NOA/NOA + D x 100%).
IRR - total, exact, proportional Total count IOA smaller count is divided by the larger count and multiplied by 100.
IRR - EXACT COUNT Number of intervals of 100% IOA divided by the number of intervals times 100
IRR - Proportional
Six advantages of using graphic displays 1-2 1.Immediate access to record of behavior. 2. Variations prompt exploration
3-4 3. Provides judgmental aid Relatively easy to learn, no predetermined level for determining significance of change, no mathematical properties required 4.Conservative method
5-6 5. Encourages independent judgment & interpretation 6.Effective source of feedback
Line graphs most common in ABA the passage of time is marked in equal intervals.2 dimensional, it has 2 intersecting lines,points on the plane represent relationships,comparison of data points shows level, trend,and/or variablilty
Bar graphs This type of graph is also known as a histogram and is useful in summarizing behavioral data allowing for a quick comparison of performance across participants and/or conditions
cumulative records it is an ongoing record since you began taking data.
standard celeration standardized means of charting and analyzing how the frequency of behavior changes over time; a factor by which frequency multiplies or divides per unit of time; ex- x2 (“times two”) is a doubling in frequency per period
level value on the vertical axis scale around which a set of behavioral measures converge; level is examined w/in a condition in terms of its absolute value on the y-axis, degree of stability or variability, and extent of change from one level to another
trend overall direction taken by a data path; described in terms of direction (increasing, decreasing, or zero), degree or magnitude, and extent of variability of data paths around the trend
variability Different outcomes -how often and the extent to which multiple measures of behavior yield different outcomes
When comparing across several graphs, what is in important rule about the scaling and range of the vertical axis?
What is social validity? refers to the extent to which a targeted behavior is appropriate, intervention procedures are acceptable, and important and significant changes in target and collateral behaviors are produced.
3 ways to assess social validity 1. the social significance of the target behavior (goals)2. the appropriateness of a (procedure) 3. The social importance of results.(outcome)
How do you assess meaningful change in social validity? assess the performance of persons considered competent. Experimentally manipulate different levels of performance to determine empirically which produces optimal results.
What is the difference between topography and function? Which is more important when trying to change behavior? topography is the physical shape or form of the behavior. Function - purposes for the problem behavior that serve the function,
what is the difference between behavior, response, response class,and repretoire Behavior - includes everything that people do Response - a single instance of a specific class response class- a group of responses of varying topography repertoire - all of the behaviors a person can do. or a set of behaviors relevant to the tasks.
Provide an example of respondent conditioning UCS - food in the mouth UCR -salivation NS - Neutral stimulus was the metronome CS- pairing of the food CR - hearing the metronome the dog began to salivate generalization - every time the bell rings the dog salivates
Extinction decreases behavior by discontinuing reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior.
Generalization stimulus has a history of evoking a response that has been reinforced, the same type of behavior tends to be evoked by stimuli that share similar physical properties with the original antecedent stimulus(woof+tail=dog)
spontaneous recovery where there is a change in the environment. a behavioral effect associated with extinction in which the behavior suddenly begins to occur after its frequency has decreased to its prereinforcement level.
positive reinforcement - R+: Behavior is followed immediately by presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions. - baby cries , mother picks up baby, baby stops crying
negative reinforcement - taking away the stimulus to increase behavior. a stimulus whose termination or reduction (removed) functions as a reinforcer. example - loud noise, you ask someone to turn down the volume, noise subsides.
socially mediated reinforcers can be positive or negative - it could be positive attention from an adult, pat on the head, etc. or it can be negative, a child picks his nose and peers say "gross", child is less likely to pick his nose around others.
automatic reinforcers reinforcement that occurs independent of social mediation by others.
uncondtioned reinforcer a stimulus change that increases behavior. example -salivating at the smell of food.
conditioned reinforcer a stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more reinforcers.
three different ways to assess stimulus preference 1. free operant - observe the person interacting or engaging with various stimuli in a free operant setting single stimulus, paired stimulus, multi stimulus let them sample the items first.
What is the most important thing to do? Change one variable at a time so you know what variable works.
What is the difference between stimulus assessment and reinforcer assessment? stimulus preference - identify stimuli that are likely to serve as reinforcers, Paired stimulus or forced choice method reinforcer assessment - put potentiial reinforcers to adirect test presenting them as contingent occurrences of a behavior and measu
How to conduct a reinforcer assessment present two or more contingencies of reinforcement and see which will produce the larger increase in responding when presented as a consequence for responding.
six guidelines for the use of effective reinforcement 1. use of high qualitiy renforcers 2. set easily achieved criterion 3. use varied reinforcers 4.use direct rather than indirect reinforcement contingencies 5. combine response prompts and reinforcement. 6. reinforce each occurrence of the behavior in
four basic schedule of reinforcement fixed ratio - completing a fixed number of responses variable ratio - requires the completiono of a variable number of responses to get reinf. 3. Fixed Interval - provides reinforcement for the first response after a fixed duration of time. 4. Variable
Current debate within the field of aba regarding punishment for severe behavior such as SIB or aggresion. least restrictive alternative method should be tried first. If that is ineffective then more intrusive procedures are necessary. If a punishment procedure has been effective in suppressing SIB it is unethical not to use it.
BAer states that punishment is a legitimate therpeutic technique that is justifiable and commendable when it relieves a person of SIB such as losing a retina etc.As a principle of behavior, punishment is not about punishing the person. Punishment is a: re
How can be punishment be beneficial? It may decrease problem behaviors. We want to change the behavior not people. We are punishing the behavior. We are manipulating the environment to change behavior.
Four guidelines for the effective use of punishment Maximum suppressive effects are obtained when the onset of the punisher occurs as soon as possible after the occurrence of a response IMMEDIACY
2. INTENSITY/MAGNITUDE USE THE LEAST INTENSITY OF PUNISHMENT THAT IS EFFECTIVE Ethical guidelines and the doctrine of the least restrictive alternative demand that the most effective, but least intrusive, form of punishment be used initially
3.PUNISH EACH INSTANCE (FR1) PUNISH EACH INSTANCE (FR1) This is especially important in the initial teaching. Consistently punishing each instance is much more effective than inconsistent administration.
4.reinforcement for target behavior The effectiveness of punishment is modulated by the reinforcement contingencies maintaining the problem behavior. • To the extent that reinforcement maintaining the problem behavior can be reduced or eliminated, punishment will be more apparent.
SIDE EFFECTS OF PUNISHMENT 1.emotional/aggressive reactions 2.escape/avoidance 3.behavioral contrast 4.undesirable modeling 5.negative reinforcement of punisher 6.countercontrol
Punishment: EMOTIONAL & AGGRESSIVE REACTIONS Punishment, especially positive punishment, may evoke aggressive behavior with respondent and operant components (aggressive behavior following punishment that occurs because it has enable the person to escape the aversive stimulation in the past)
Punishment: AVOIDANCE When you act so that you never contact the aversive in the first place ex. when you work with someone who is annoying, you may take a longer route to the bathroom to avoid contact wit the aversive person
ESCAPE You are in the presence of something aversive and you act to remove yourself from the aversive or act to remove the aversive from you. ex. you run into someone annoying, so you look at your watch and make an excuse to get out of a conversation
BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST Change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule.
UNDESIRABLE MODELING • there is a strong correlation between young children’s exposure to harsh and excessive punishment and antisocial behavior and conduct disorders as adolescents and adults
what is postiive punishment a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that DECREASES FUTURE BEHAVIOR.example you get burned when you touch the hot stove
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT INTERVENTIONS 1. response blocking - physically preventing as soon as the person begins to emit the response
h 2. contingent exercise - an intervention in which the person is required to perform a response that in not topographically related to the problem behavior.
3. overcorrection - the learner is required to engage in effortful behavior that is directly related or logically related to the problem
3. restitutional overcorrection - the leaner is required to repair the damage caused by the problem behavior
positive practice overcorrection - contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior the leaner is required to
Describe the appropriate use of time out - Contingent on a response, the person is removed from the reinforcing item/activity/environment for a specified period of time
Why is the discrepancy between the time-in and time-out environment important to the effectiveness of a time-out procedure? The more reinforcing the time-in setting is, the more effective time-out is likely to be as a punisher
Discuss the implementation of a timeout procedure vs. the behavioral effect of time out easy to apply, accepted by others as fair, define behaviors leading to time-out, define duration of time-out and exit criteria, explain time-out rules, obtain permission, combine w/other procedures; there should be a rapid suppression of behavior
What are the desired
********List three characteristics of a good operational definition. accurate, complete, concise, inclusions,exclusions, objective, refer only to the observable
Parts of line graph horizontal axis x absicca vertical axis - y ordinate condition lines condition labels figure caption trend line data points data path
Why is measurement important - ABA measure behavior analyst behavior to answer questions. To evaluate the effects of intervention. To prevent mistakes.So you can make data based decisions., holds us accountable.
you can easily teach novel behaviors. They can imitate novel modes in novel circumstances
4 term EO,SD, REsponse, reinforcement
If you don't have repeated performance If you have a repeated performance use a line graph bar graph
list one indirect assessment methods in the context of a functional behavior assessment not always reliable, informants may not be accurate, could be biased.poor reliability for rating scales.reported events may not be related to the problem behavior.
correlation does not equal causation example - ice cream and drowning it is a coincidence.
define shaping - reinforcing successive behavior in approximations to a terminal response relies on extinction induced behavior. need extincion burst
Counter to mentalism explanatory fictions and hypothetical constructs
radical behaviorist do not reject private events, methodological behaviorist do.
radical behavior outside the body.
automatic reinforcement - internal reinforcement that occurs independent of another person delivering it I like the way it looks and feels so I am more likely to do it. It's not reflexive. Consequences are delivered automatically.
list the three characteristics of data you must consider when visually analyzing data level, trend, variability. level is the height of the data trend - its the direction of the data variability -
What is the fundamental rule of research? change only one variable at at time.
What is a response spefic instance of a behavior
response class a group of responses with varying topography.
repretiore all the behaviors a person can do
Disadvantage of reversal design irreversitability - I can't unteach you to read.social concerns, educational and clinical concerns. You are reintroducing the problem behavior again.
behavior chain - series of steps that you teach to learn behavior initially reinforce each step, each previous step is the SD for the next step.The completion of the step is the reinforcer. Two exceptions are the first and last. The first serves as the SD for the next.
Two differences between shaping and chaining Use extinction in shaping and not in chaining. IN shaping the behavior itself is new along some physical dimension, in chaining the SEQUENCE that is new.
In the control or play condition of functional analysis no EO, no demands, lots of attention
multiple baseline across subjects, behaviors, settings.
operant extinction a previously reinforced response isn o longer being reinforced by withholding reinforcement for the behavior to decrease the behavior ex. if head hitting is reinforced by attention, extinction would entail no longer providing attention contingent on head
Unconditioned reinforcement in operant condition is food, water, sex, warmth.
The multiple baseline design is said to have advantages over the reversal design because the experimenter does not have to return to baseline conditions How is this flawed Multiple baseline designs may require keeping an individual in baseline longer that you normally would. therefore potentially withholding an effective treatment form other settings, from participants, or from treating forms of behavior.
NCR, DRO, and extinction Behavior reduction strategies, NCR is beneficial reduces extinction burst behavior. fewer negative side effects. NCR is easier to implement. Functions as an abolishing operation. NCR does not involve the low rates of reinforcement that can be associated w
What are the steps for task analysis? Method 1 – the behavioral components are developed after observing someone perform the skill. Method 2 – consult with experts skilled in performing the task Method 3 – perform the behavior oneself. Systematic trial-and-error can assist in development
How does the changing criterion design ? Show repeated production of new rates of behavior as function of manipulations of independent variable. The level of responding changes only when the criterion changes.
What are two drawback to extinction? intensity and aggresion
Treatment Integrity -
negative punishment - response cost.
Why would anyone ever select a DRL procedure vriation in which the first response Irt you want to decrease but not get rid of it completely smoking.
negative reinforcement R-: Behavior is followed immediately by the removal of stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions. Loud music, cover ears, music turned down
Socially mediated negative reinforcement Behavior is followed immediately by the removal of stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions.
positive punishment Behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions example you get burned when you touch the hot stove
automatic reinforcment occurs when a person’s behavior creates a favorable outcome without the involvement of another person.
unconditioned reinforcement a stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it, irrespective of the organisms learning history with the stiumulus. example - salivating at the smell of food.
conditioned reinforcement a stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more reinforcers. Pavlov’s dog now hears a bell or metronome and salivates.
negative punishment Behavior is followed immediately by the removal of stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions Example would be response cost.Losing a token will decrease the undesired behavior in the future.
response blocking physically intervening as the subject emits the problem behavior to block the completion of response.
contingent exercise person is required to perform a response that is not topographically related to the problem behavior
SD antecedent stimulus that signals that reinforcement is available.
EO An EO, establishing operation, is an MO (motivating operation) which increases the current effectiveness of a reinforcer.
Both SD and EO affect reinforcment They are different in that An SD lets the individual know that reinforcement is available contingent on a particular behavior and an EO changes the effectiveness on a reinforcer.
Example of an SD For example, a therapist might show a student a picture of juice and when the student says juice, the student gets a sip of juice. The picture of juice is an SD for the availability of a reinforcer (juice) contingent on a behavior (saying juice).
Example of an EO if the student has just been playing outside for recess and is hot and thirsty the EO (being hot and thirsty) is going to increase the effectiveness of the reinforcer (juice) and the student will work harder to come into contact with the reinforcer.
Shaping the reinforcement of successive approximations to a terminal response. A previously reinforced response is put on exticntion while a closer approximation to a terminal behavior is reinforced.
What are the six main steps in shaping process? 1. Select the terminal behavior and operationally define it. 2. Determine the criterion for success - common criterion include frequency, magnitude, and duration 3. Analyze the response class to identify approximations that might be emitted in the shapi
Four guidelines for effective shaping 1.Consider nature of behavior to be learned and resources available 2.•Select the Terminal Behavior 9 the one you want to change 3.Define the tb precisely so that you know that a change has occurred. 4.Determine Criteria for Success-how accurate, long,
How is shaping different from chaining? Shaping is different from chaining because in shaping you are teaching new behaviors or changing the form of an existing behavior. Chaining involves piecing together behaviors that have already been learned.
When would it be appropriate to use shaping? It is appropriate to use shaping to teach new behaviors or to alter the topography of a behavior that is already in the subject’s repertoire. Pg. 422
What are 3 different ways to assess stimulus preference? 1. Single stimulus - Present stimulus one at at time in random order and record target person's response to it
2. EO_Observing and recording what activities the target person is drawn to when they have unrestricted choice of activities.
3. Paired stimulus -forced choice - present two stimulus simultaneously and ask person to choose. each stimulus is matched to every other stimulus in the set. rank stimulus high, medium, low preference
Why is this important to do in ABA? can identify potential reinforcers that can be used to alter or improve behavior
What is the difference between stimulus preference assessment and reinforcer assessment? Reinforcer assessment is conducted by presenting stimuli suspected of being reinforcers contingent on responding within concurrent, multiple, or progressive-ratio reinforcement schedules.
How to conduct a reinforcer assessment? pit two stimuli against each other; if learner allocates greater proportion of responding to one component over the other, that component is more effective reinforcer A = candy, B = toy  Button A pressed more than button B > Candy is more effective
A preference may not serve as a reinforcer for a particular behavior. Important distinction because a preferred stimulus may not serve as an effective reinforcer; depends on response effort (ex- Coffee is reinforcer for behavior of driving to Starbucks; coffee is not reinforcer for a 40+ hour work week)
how do single subject designs show experimental control? In an A-B-A design, the researcher uses baseline, intervention and baseline. If the intervention shows a change in the dependent variable and the return to baseline shows levels of responding similar to the original baseline, experimental control has bee
steady state stable pattern of behavior
verification Verification can be accomplished by demonstrating that the prior level of baseline responding would have remained unchanged had the independent variable not been introduced (R
replication if the original baseline controls behavior then a return to baseline will result in similar responding. The baseline is reinstated and levels of responding similar to those during original baseline are observed. Therefore the baseline condition controlled
repeated measures and why are they important in ssdesign. replication is the foundation of science; replication within a study build confidence in that study’s findings, replication between studies build confidence in the integrity of the functional relation
positively reinforced extinction response behavior maintained by positive reinforcement - reinforcer is withheld (ex. attention) behavior maintained by negative reinforcement - the aversive stimulus persists when it was previously reinforced.
Negatively reinforced extinction hose behaviors do not produce a removal of the aversive stimulus, meaning that the person cannot escape from the aversive situation. ex.
reversal - ABA design, ABAB design design includes establishing baseline, introducing an intervention, then returning to original conditions.
reversal advantage The ABAB design shows replication of treatment effects (stronger experimental control) and finishes a study in the treatment phase.
reversal disadvantage Withdrawal of treatment may not be ethical, desirable or even possible (irreversibility).
multiple baseline using the same experimental variable across subjects, behavior , settings
multiple baseline - disadvantage does not demonstrate experimental control, can require treatment being withheld from some participants for along time. They stay in baseline longer than others
multiple baseline - advantage does not require withdrawal of an effective treatment.relatively easy to conceptualize
multi-element design (aka alternating treatments) compares effects of two or more treatments
multi-element advantage does not require treatment withdrawal, Each data point: 1) predicts future responding,
multi-element - disadvantage multiple treatment interference, limited capacity (max of 4 conditions)
spontaneous recovery a behavioral effect associated with extinction in which the behavior suddenly begins to occur after the behavior had decreased or stopped entirely
Why is the functional analysis is the gold standard? Functional analysis is the ONLY FBA method that allows practitioners to confirm hypotheses regarding functional relations between problem behavior and environmental events and also because reliability and variability are high
What are the conditions of a functional analysis? attention, alone, escape, play ( control, attention freely given, and no demands, access)
What are the two benefits of conducting a functional analysis? clear demonstration of the variables that relate to the problem behavior. allows for valid conclusions regarding the variables.
What are two disadvantages no standard methods for determining function have been determined much of the current functional analysis research has been limited to children with developmental disabilities.[9]
DRI a procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that is topographically incompatible with the behavior targeted for reduction. you can't sit in your seat and walk around at the same time.It may promote educat
DRO a procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement for not responding. reinforcing any other behavior other than the problem behavior that has not occurred a specific amount of time. could be interval or momentary time.
DRA a procedcure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that serves a desirable alternative, reinforcing raising of the hand instead of out of seat behavior
DRL differential reinforcement of low rates. Practitioners use DRL schedules to decrease the rate of behaviors that occur too frequently but could be maintained in the learner's repretoire, ex. decreasing smoking ,
Setting Initial Interval Value Establish initial DRO times that ensures that the learners current level of behavior will produce frequent reinforcement when the DRO contingency is applied .Baseline data must be obtained not only to keep track of how often the target behavior is occurri
Increasing or decreasing interval value Increase the DRO interval by a constant duration of time Increase intervals proportionately Change the DRO interval each session based on learners performance
Decreasing in If problem behavior worsens when a larger DRO interval is introduced decrease the duration then gradually increase duration in smaller increments. of the interval to a level that again controls the problem behavior; then gradually increase duration in sm
What happens if the target behavior occurs during the interval Two other decisions need to be made prior to implementing a DRO. Whether to reset the DRO interval following a response occurrence or to wait until the next scheduled interval, and Whether to respond to the undesired behavior in any other way or just ig
Disadvantages of using a DRO schedule - of
Give an example of using an antecedent intervention Antecedent-based interventions (ABI) are a collection of practices in which environmental modifications are used to change the conditions in the setting that prompt a learner to engage in an interfering behavior. NCR , High p request, DRA
NCR - Time schedules Fixed time - a schedule for the delivery of noncontingent stimuli in which a time interval remains the same VT a schedule for the delivery of nc stimuli in whcih the interval of time from one delivery interval might range from 5 sec to 2 min
What is the difference between fba and fa differs from a functional analysis (FA) in that the latter (FA) involves the experimental manipulation of variables or conditions. FBA is the process for gather information to guide the treatment planning through, indirect observation, direct, and fa.
What is the advantage and disadvantage of FBA? Advantage: may hint/reveal function of behavior without experimentation. Disadvantage: if not done thoroughly, can lead to incorrect hypotheses of function.
What is the advantage and disadvantage of FA? Advantage: identifies function(s) of behavior. Disadvantage: can potentially make behavior worse, temporarily. If not done thoroughly, can lead to incorrect hypotheses of function
How might you assess whether you have made a meaningful change in these domains? Refers to the extent to which target behaviors are appropriate, intervention
Forward Chaining Chaining is a specific sequence of discrete responses. Forward C is training begins the link with the first behavior sequence. training occurs on steps previously mastered
Total task training training is provided for every behavior in the sequence during every training session.trainer assistance is provided on every step
backward chaining training begins with the last behavior in the sequence. trainer performs all by last step until learner masters last step, then the trainer performs all but last two steps until the learner masters the last two steps and so on
When to use one over another Choose total task - when learner knows many of the tasks but need to learn how to do them in sequence.
motivating operation an environmental variable that alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event. alters the current of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that sitmiulus, object, or event.
value altering effect of a motivating operation an alteration in the reinforcing effectiveness (increasing or decreasing)of a stimulus, object, or event as a result of a motivating operation. ex. the reinforcing effect of food is altered as as a result of food deprivation or food ingestion (satiation)
behavior altering effect of the mo have an evocative and abative effect. evocative - increase the freq of behavior that has been reinforced abative - decreases the freq. of behavior that has been reinforced.
discrimination training - imitation 1. assess and teach any prerequisites 2. select models for training 3. pretest 4. sequence models for training 5. perform imitation training
discrimination training - matching Matching- provide sample stimulus and comparison stimulus (start with 2, then increase after target is mastered), provide SD “Match”,
receptive object labeling Receptive object labeling- need prerequisite skills of sitting in chair, pointing, attending, etc., provide stimulus (start with field of 2 then increase as targets are mastered), provide SD “Point to ____”, use a prompting procedure tailored to the needs
expressive object labeling Expressive object labeling- need prerequisite skills of sitting in chair, attending, echoics, etc., provide student with stimulus, provide SD “What is it?”, use verbal prompting, provide reinforcement.
PECS PECS- provide picture stimulus, prompt as necessary, provide item chosen, increase field after targets have been mastered.
stimulus equivalent The emergence of accurate responding to untrained and nonreinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following the reinforcement of responses to some stimulus-stimulus relations. Once you have a certain relationship down you can create new concepts and possibl
three levels to stimulus equivalent reflexivity, symmetry, transivity
Reflexitivity the learner, without any prior training or reinforcement for doing so , selects a comparison stimulus that is the same sample of stimulus ex. A=A
Symmetry stimulus to stimulus without prior training the learner demonstrates the reversibility of matched sample and comparison stimuli example A=B then B=A
Transitivity - an untrained stimulus -stimulus emrges as a product of training two other stimulus to stimulus relations. A=B and B=C
What are the steps to conducting an FBA? 1.Gather info via indirec and descrip asses..2.Interpret nformation from indirect and descriptive assessment and formulate hypothe. about the purpose of the problem behavior 3. Test hypotheses using functional analysis 4. Develop interven. options based
FBA continued:The types of assessment to include and the advantages and disadvantages of each. indirect, direct, functional analysis
indirect indirect assessment - use structured interviews, checklists, rating scales, or questionnaires to obtain information from persons who are familiar with the person exhibiting the problem behavior to identify possible conditions or events in the natural envi
advantages and disadvantages of indirect Can provide a useful source of info,convenient because you do not have to directly observe the behavior. Dis - May not have accurate and unbiased recall of behavior and the conditions under which it occurred.
descriptive / direct observation Direct observation of the behavior under naturally occurring conditions. Adv. Use precise measures. Provide useful info for designing an FA. Do not require disruption to the person’s routine. Scatterplots can identify time periods during which the pr
FBA - data collection process indirect - Interview the person and ask them questions that are intended to determine variable that affect the behavior. Answers are recorded on the interview form. Behavior is not directly observed. direct - Directly observe the behavior and record the
the relation between the possible function of the behavior and the BIP the possible function of the behavior has been identified, and the BIP can consist of altering antecedent variables, altering consequent variables, teaching alternative behaviors.
What is a token economy? participants earn generalized conditioned reinforcers (e. g., tokens, chips, points) as an immediate consequence for specific behaviors; participants accumulate tokens and exchange them for items and activities from a menu of backup reinforcers. (CCH)
What are important characteristics of tokens? safe, controlled by behavior analyst, durable, easy to carry, handle , bank or store, easy to distribute, token itself should not be reinforcing.
Describe the relation between the tokens and the back up reinforcer. tokens earned can be exchanged for items or activities on a menu. (they can be accumulated or saved for a backup reinforcer)
Describe teaching a beginning learner a token economy vs. teaching an advanced learner. for a beginner you may have to go through several sessions and prompt them through it.for advanced - you can describe the token system,model the procedure for token delivery,model the procedure for token exchange.
How do you thin a token economy? several sessions of each step might be necessary and response prompts should be used as needed.
What is a contingency contract? –A document that specifies a contingent relationship between •The completion of a specific behavior and •Access to a specified reinforcer
1.When developing an intervention, cost- could be a factor when considering two or more interventions, all of which have strong empirical support.
When is it appropriate to share client records with your clinical supervisor? Client records cannot be shared with your clinical supervisor unless you have written consent to do so.
3.When describing behavior plan procedures to a client or client-surrogate provide a risk-benefit analysis to the extent that it is possible to do so.
4. Your neighbor has a child who engages in disruptive behavior at home. The parents ask you for help. You should not do so without explaining your credentials and clearly defining your role, preferably in writing.
5. How often should you provide feedback to a supervisee? 2 weeks
Example of negative reinforcement food refusal. if a child refuses food, keep spoon on lower lip until child accepts. The negative reinforcement contingency was removal of the spoon. This will increase the acceptance of food based on neg. reinf.
Pointing to the willfulness and unpredictability of human behavior, someone argues that we cannot study human behavior as if it were an objective science like physics or biology. You might say: that behavior is predictable when you can control the environment. Admittedly, there are often historical and other variables to which we don't have access or control and that can limit our ability to predict behavior. that all indications are that our b
"" that all indications are that our behavior is governed by natural phenomena and; therefore, is subject to scientific methodology.
"" that scientific inquiry relies on the assumption of determinism, which maintains that phenomena occur for reasons. Behavior is no exception.
6. In a review of a student's records, you see a note by another clinician that states that, "he cooperates when he wants to: This information is not helpful because it is mentalistic
7. teacher being asked to use a curriculum that she doesn't like,why. You review the curriculum and find that it has no empirical support and the description of how the program works describes principles alien to behavior analysis. analytical and conceptually systematic
8. You say, "Pass the salt please," when having dinner with friends. Nobody responds to your request, so you say again, "Pass the salt please." This second statement is a/an MAND
9. You very seldom missed work. However, they have stopped sending your bi-weekly paycheck. Now you don't go to work anymore. may demonstrate operant extinction, although a more sophisticated analysis is probably necessary due to the temporal relation between going to work and receiving your paycheck.
Tacts are under control of nonverbal stimulus - seeing it and naming it
11. Rule-governance can be particularly helpful for behaviors whose consequences are: delayed or improbably ( not going to be immediate)
12. You used to set your coffee cup on the copy machine. Someone chastised you for doing this, so you don't do it anymore. This is an example of positive punishment
A teacher takes away a point each time a student speaks out in class operant contingency
14. You are writing a target behavior definition for a behavior plan for a child who reportedly punches people in the arm when they ask him to do things he does not want to do. You define the target behavior as: punching, hitting, scratching others so that you capture most of the response class.
Part of a child's curriculum is to learn how to make a peanut butter sandwich. One sub-skill is opening a jar. You program generalization by taking his peanut butter jar to and from school so that he learns to open the jar in multiple settings. This is unlikely to teach the child correct responding to the entire stimulus class of jars that he will encounter in the real world. This will foster generalization across settings. Maintenance is likely if he enjoys peanut butter sandwiches.
15. Behavior with a very brief latency between the stimulus and response is more likely to be: respondent
Mands are under the control of: an establishing operation, the person wants the item, : I want…..
An intraverbal: May be a response to a question
An infant suckles at its mother's breast. When he grows to be a toddler, he enjoys drinking milk from a glass. What kind of reinforcement is maintaining suckling and drinking, respectively.: unconditioned/unconditioned – he’s thirsty?
Operant behavior is under the control of : control of antecedent stimuli, but it is consequent stimuli that give the antecedent its control.
20. Copious ABC data indicate that aggression is nearly always followed by attention. From these data, you could be fairly certain that the function of aggression is: not enough information
21. You are conducting a functional analysis. Which data collection method might you use? Frequency
22. Which function(s) can you be most confident that the data support (given that a person delivers the food and toy)? If food and toy are given as a reinforcer then attention is the function on the graph. Look for the function not the reinforcer on the graph.
23. You are asked to conduct a functional assessment for an individual who has already had numerous descriptive functional assessments; none of which appear to have resulted in the correct hypothesis. He has already had descriptive analysis so you need to conduct a functional assessment
24. Which function(s) do the data support? If the graph shows that the alone condition is present during demand, play and attention then it is possibility of automatic reinforcement or an unknown function.
25. You should change a procedure when: it will lower the risk of harm. not doing anything is riskier.
26. You should change a procedure when: It will lower the risk of harm.
27. Socializing with co-workers: can be a harmful dual relationship
28. A dual relationship is harmful when: it impairs objectivity
29. A dual relationship is harmful when: It hinders effectiveness
30. In a therapeutic relation, inform the client as soon as is feasible: as soon as it is feasible.
31. Discuss confidentiality: at the outset of the relationship
34. Which target is consistent with the applied dimension of applied behavior analysis? increasing the delay of gratification,decreasing the consumption of junk food in an obese individual, increasing seat belt usage. ( how it all works)
increasing the delay of gratification,decreasing the consumption of junk food in an obese individual, increasing seat belt usage. ( how it all works) taking medicine on a prescribed schedule
36. According to The Right to Effective Treatment (Van Houten et al, 1988), a therapeutic environment is characterized by: enjoyable and constructive activities
37. According to The Right to Effective Treatment (Van Houten et al, 1988), teaching functional skills refers to behaviors that: teaching functional skills refers to behaviors that: may not be fully achieved, fosters access to negative reinforcement, fosters access to positive reinforcement.
38. According to Van Houten et al (1988), overall restrictiveness is a function of: absolute level of restrictiveness, time to achieve acceptable outcome, and consequences of delay of intervention
39. The Executive Council of the Association for Behavior Analysis (Van Houten et al, 1988) maintains that individuals have the right to: an ongoing behavioral analysis and evaluation, a competent behavioral analyst
40. According to The Right to Effective Treatment (Van Houten et al, 1988), treatment by a competent behavior analyst refers to : The involvement of a doctoral level BCBA in complex cases
timeout procedure is written and implemented by a non-degreed behavioral specialist. You complain that this violates: one of the tenets of the right to effective treatment.
43. According to The Right to Effective Treatment (Van Houten et al, 1988), behavior analysts have an obligation to: always use interventions supported by research
44. According to The Right to Effective Treatment (Van Houten et al, 1988), teaching functional skills refers to behaviors that: may not be fully achieved and fosters access to reinforcement
According to the Right to Effective Treatment (Van Houten et al, 1988), the goal of personal welfare is fostered by: focus on providing functional skills that foster independence.use of peer review and human rights committees when treatment involves risk to the individual.the client or advocate being actively involved in treatment-related decisions.
45. Experimentation: requires that all variables be controlled except the dependent variable. requires control over extraneous variables.is an evaluation of the cause of one event over another event
46. Which of the following is most likely to have empirical support? A science fair project is most likely to have more empirical support than an export.
47. Lawfulness means That given experimental control you would always get the same results.
48. Which statement reflects a deterministic philosophy with respect to an adult who engages in aggression most mornings at breakfast: Everytime she eats oatmeal she gets aggressive, Maybe the way the cook fixes breakfast that she gets aggressive,Oatmeal makes her sick and she strikes out.
49. A parsimonious approach is most likely to: : build on exisiting foundation or laws
50. Experimentation: is one of the philosophical assumptions of behavior analysis. Determinism, Empiricism, Experimental, Parsimony, Replication, Philosophical doubt(attitude of the science not one of the 7 dimensions)
51. When developing a behavioral technology, you: determine whether the treatment package gets results
52. A teacher combines a variety of empirically validated strategies to form her own behavior management system. best characterized as a behavioral technology
53. Which exemplifies basic science? a reading program designed to investigate how students learn
54. Which is devoid of mentalistic terminology? "Studying increased: as a result of saying self-imposed "rules" on when and where to study."
55. The experimental analysis of behavior is characterized by basic research
56. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the experimental analysis of behavior? a method of study in the natural environment
57. Applied behavior analysis; was defined by Baer, Wolf, and Risley (1968).
58. Mentalism: is an antecedent analysis
59. Knows , wants, feels , are explanatory fictions. . Don’t use those terms when giving an explanation of reinforcement. Behavior occurs more often in the future due to reinforcing consequences.
60. Mentalism: Tends to HALT further inquiry into causal events
61. Feelings do not cause behavior
62. Mentalism thinks that feelings are a cause of behavior. BA's do not think this
63. Which is NOT a private event? a virus with no symptoms has infected a large part of the body ( possibly because it is outside the body and private events are within one’s own skin)
64. Private events: a tickling sensation from someone blowing in your ear, imagining a scene exactly like an author describes it, someone whispering to himself so that only he could hear it.
65. Which is NOT an explanatory fiction? ? A child becomes a great pianist because: he practices.
66. One reason behavior analysis is a natural science is that: it doesn’t employ mentalism.
67. A private event: can include the verbal behavior of thinking to one’s self.
68. Which is NOT a private event? Getting hit with a baseball. (if the answer would have said, “feel” then that would have been a private event.
69. With circular reasoning, the cause is determined : from the same information as the effect.
70. A private event: is stimulation that is evident only to the behaver
71. Behaviorally speaking, "knowing a fact" is: exhibiting a particular response given a particular stimulus.
Behaviorally speaking, seeing beautiful snow covered mountains in one's head could be occasioned by reading a description of snow covered mountains.
73. After a great vacation to the shore, you find yourself “imagining” you are there. Which is the best behavioral description? “imagining the shore has reinforcing value”
74. Dizziness is a function of which nervous system? PROPRIOCEPTIVE-carries stimulation from joints, tendons, muscles, etc., necessary for posture and movement
INTEROCEPTIVE carries stimulation from organs, related to internal economy
EXTEROCEPTIVE related to hearing, seeing, feeling (on the skin), smelling, tasting
77. Which question would fit the applied dimension of applied behavior analysis? how do you increase social behavior ( increasing a behavior
78. The behavioral dimension of applied behavior analysis focuses on the: relevance and reliability of the behavioral measure.
79. The seven dimensions of applied behavior analysis are: applied, behavioral, analytical, maintenance/generalization, conceptually systematic, technological, effective.
80. Which question would fit the applied dimension of applied behavior analysis? How do you reduce eating junk food using punishment? How do you reduce eating food junk food using self-management? How do you increase the batting average of athletes? (reduce or increase, decrease)
81. "Applied" as a dimension of applied behavior analysis involves: using basic principles on problems of significance to participants
82. Which question would fit the applied dimension of applied behavior analysis? How do you increase social behavior? And experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement of behavior.
83. Conceptionally systematic : is described in terms of basic principles
84. Generality is exemplified when maintaining when new staff conducts, across conditions, settings etc.
85. Technological as a dimension of applied behavior analysis includes complete and precisely described
86. Analytic as a dimension of applied behavioral analysis is: identifying a functional relationship between behavior and environmental events.
87. Effective as a dimension of applied behavioral analysis is : clinically significant.
89. Conceptually systematic when a process is described in technical terms
88. Effective treatments must: result in a significant change in an important dimension of behavior.be cost effective and be efficient.
90. Which exemplifies the analytical dimension of applied behavior analysis? A demonstration of experimental control
91. A behavior analyst being able to replicate a written description of a procedure meets the requirement of: technological
92. "Effective" as a dimension of applied behavior analysis is exemplified by: all in the experimental group acquiring a friend with whom they interact daily, compared to only a few people in the control group who achieve such friendships.
93. A technological description of a timeout procedure would include: what behavior, where, how long, what is said, how, etc
94. History as a threat to internal validity events going on during the experiment
95. Which is not a threat to internal validity? generalization
99. With each successive hand washing probe, the participant learns more steps. This threat to validity is referred to as testing
96. Baseline: provides a comparison is what is going on prior to planned intervention, could include an intervention.
baseline should continue if the data indicate a therapeutic trend.
98. Treatment integrity: the extent to which the experiment is implemented as planned.
100. Multiple intervention (i.e., multiple treatment) interference is a threat to internal validity due to: interactive effects
101. Data recorders becoming bored and inaccurate exemplifies which threat to validity? Instrumentation – can be human or apparatus.
Created by: johnsonvc
 

 



Voices

Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. Then click the card to flip it. If you knew the answer, click the green Know box. Otherwise, click the red Don't know box.

When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, click "retry" to try those cards again.

If you've accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just click on the card to take it out of the box.

You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows:

If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they are in the same box the next time you log in.

When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Although it may feel like you're playing a game, your brain is still making more connections with the information to help you out.

To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity.

Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:
restart all cards