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Lower Respiratory
Lower respiratory disorders
| Acute Bronchitis | inflamation that lines the major bronchi and its branches |
| Pleural effusion | the abnormal collection of fluid between the visceral and parietal pleural |
| Influenza | an acute respiratory disease of relatively short duration |
| secondary TB | usually involves reactivation of the initial infection. the pt already has had an immune response and thus the lesions that form tend to remain in the lungs |
| Primary TB | a bacterial infectious disease primarily caused by M. tuberculosis |
| Atelectasis | collapse of alveoli, it may involve a small portion of the lung or an entire lobe. when alveoli collapse they cannot perform their function of gas exchange |
| Cystic fibrosis | an inherited multisystem disorder that affects infants, children, and youn adults. It obstructs the lungs leading to major lung infections as well as obstructing the pancrease |
| Intrinsic asthma | associated with factors such as upper respiratory infections, emotional upset, and exercise |
| Rib fractures | a common injury which may result from a hard fall or blow to the chest. The injuries are not usually considered serious unless accompanied by other injuries. |
| Penetrating wounds | (gunshots, stab wounds) they can potentially affect cardiopulmonary function and may be life-threatening. |
| Meditational tumors | symptoms include chest pain, chest wall bulging, difficulty swallowing, dyspnea, and orthopena. Symptoms are related to pressure on other chest structures. |
| Pneumonia | an inflammation of the bronchioles and alveoli |
| lung abscess | a localized area of pus formation in the lung parenchyma. |
| Empyema | a general term used to denote pus in a body cavity. It usually refers to pus or infected fluid in the pleural cavity |
| Tubercle bacilli | can live in the dark for months as spores in particles of dried sputum, exposure to direct sunlight, heat and ultraviolet light destroys them in a few hours. |
| positive mantoux test | evidence that a TB infection has existed at some time somewhere in the body but does not necessarily indicate active disease. |
| emphysema | chronic disease characterized by abnormal distention of the alveoli. Inflammation of the airway and hyper responsiveness of the airway to internal or external stimuli characterize asthma. |
| Pursed-lip breathing | helps to control the respiratory rate and depth and slows expiration. This maneuver may decrease dyspnea and in turn reduce the anxiety that often is associated with breathing difficulties. |
| Therapeutic breathing | exercises effectively use the diaphragm thus relieving the compensatory burden of the muscles of the upper thorax |
| Occupational lung disease | result in pneumoconiousis a fibrous inflammation or chronic indurations of the lungs after prolonged exposure to dust or gas |
| Subcutaneous emphysema | common finding with blast injuries because the lung or air passage have sustained an injury and crepitation is heard or felt upon palpation and may be caused by air leaking around the chest wound. |
| Viral infections | most common gives rise to acute bronchitis |
| Pleurisy | lower respiratory disorder refers to an acute inflammation f other parietal and visceral pleurae. |
| Bacterial | Type of pneumonia referred to as typical pneumonia |
| Heat or Cold | Applications may provide some topical comfort for pleurisy |
| Bronchiectasis | Found in clients with COPD and is characterized by chronic infections and irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles |
| Chronic bronchitis | Prolonged inflammation of the bronchi accompanied by chronic cough and excessive production of mucus for at least 3 months per year for 2 years |
| allergic asthma (extrinsic) | This type of asthma occurs in response to allergens such as pollen dust spores and animal danders |
| pulmonary toilet (cleansing) | Components include chest physical therapy (postural drainage, percussion, and vibration) two to four times daily, deep-breathing and coughing exercises nebulized treatments and medications |
| restrictive lung disease | Silicosis and asbestosis are in a category of theses lower respiratory disorders which result in the lungs having a decreased volume and inability to expand completely |
| flail chest | Occurs when two or more adjacent ribs fracture in multiple places and the fragments are free floating. This affects the stability of the chest wall and results in impairment of chest wall movement |
| Lung Cancer | It remains the number 1 cause of cancer related deaths among men and women in the U.S |
| Bronchiectasis | patient experiences a chronic cough with expectoration of copious amounts of purulent sputum and possible hemoptysis. The coughing worsens when the client changes position, clients also experience fatigue, weight loss, anorexia and dyspnea |
| Atelectasis | Large areas, cyanosis, fever, pain, dyspnea, increased pulse and respiratory rates and increased pulmonary secretions may be seen. Although crackling may be auscltated over that affected areas, usually breath sounds are absent. |
| Chronic bronchitis | the earliest symptom is a chronic cough, production of thick white mucus especially when rising in the AM and in the evening. Bronchospasm may occur during sever bouts of coughing. |
| Emphysema | As disease progresses breathlessness occurs even at rest. A chronic cough invariably is present and productive of mucopurulent sputum.Inspiration is difficult because of rigid chest cage and chest is barrel shaped |
| Emphysema | shortness of breath with minimal activity is called exertional dyspnea and often is the first symptom. |
| Asthma | typified by paroxysms of SOB, wheezing, and coughing as well as the production of thick, tenacious sputum. |
| Cystic fibrosis | the 3 major reasons to suspect this disorder in children is respiratory symptoms, failure to thrive, and foul-smelling bulky greasy stools. |
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