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Philosophy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| One reason to accept Platonism is because it provides a ready account of prediction. | True |
| A metaphysical idealist is someone who claims that, because "bodies" are simply objects of mind (i.e., ideas), they do not exist apart from minds. | True |
| Which of the following is NOT a theory of the universals? | Minimalists |
| According to Berkeley, because we can never know anything outside of our own minds, we must conclude that there is no such thing as a real world. | False |
| Metaphysical materialists claim that all things except minds or ideas are ultimately physical or bodily. | False |
| For Plato, because we truly know something only in terms of its unchanging, perfect essence and because everything that appears to us in the sensible world changes or is imperfect, the only things we can know that are truly real are: | the eternally existing Ideas or Forms that sensible objects both embody and in terms of which are known |
| The root problem with philisophical behaviorism is that it confuses the epistemological criterion for mind with a metaphysical reality of the mental. | True |
| Nominalism is a view that believes in universals | False |
| Gilbert Ryle was a strong proponent of mind-body dualism. | False |
| Some critics of materialism argue that materialists cannot account in physical terms for emotions or social or legal relations (such as being married). But materialists would reply that this is no real problem for them, since emotions and social/legal rel | bodily phenomena, behaviors, or physical arrangements. |
| Which of the following is NOT a type of universal? | Duals |
| The principle of the identity of indiscenibles states that any two objects that are numerically identical-that is, they are really one thing- will have all their properties in common. | False |
| Because metaphysics is concerned with the fundamental principles of the nature of reality, it can raise qestions about whether God exists or why there is anything at all in the universe. | True |
| According to Spiegal and Cowen, the soul view is the only Christian view. | False |
| Which of the following is not an argument for mind-body dualism? | Argument from Objective Availibility |
| Which of the following would be considered the weakest argument for mind-body dualism? | Argument from Distinctness of properties |
| According to materialists, even though mind and thought can be explained in purely physical terms (as bodies in motion), life itself must be explained in other than purely physical terms. | False |
| The type of universal that seeks to push beyond both Platonism and Nominalism is Conceptualism | False |
| n contrast to metaphysical dualists, materialists and idealists agree that physical bodies and spiritual minds are able to interact by sharing some third, non-material, non-mental character. | False |
| Properties | A characteristic or quality of a thing. |
| Relations | A type that links multiple things together in various ways |
| Proposition | The content or meaning of a statment |
| The fact that there are individuals with multiple personalities would seem to refute Descarte's indivisibility claim about the mind. | True |
| Memory View | Personal identity is tied in some way to a person's psychological characteristics |
| Physical View | Personal identiy is tied to a human being's physical properties. |
| Soul View | Personal identity are not tied to anything physical or to the continuity of his memory. |
| Descartes was a proponent on Physicalism. | False |
| Descartes was a proponent on Physicalism. | False |
| Philosophical dualists like Descartes argue that mind and matter are fundamentally two different aspects of the same non-mental and non-physical substance. | False |
| Bundle theory depends upon a false version on the principle of the identity of indiscernables. | True |
| Dualists claim that physical things are real, and immaterial, mental, or spiritual things are imaginary (not real). | False |
| Mind-body dualists have circumvented the problem of interaction by denying that the body soul causally interact. | True |
| One of the issues with the Bundle Theory is that it cannot distinguish between essential and accidental properties. | True |
| Which of the following is not a view about the nature or particulars | Bead Theory |
| Bundle Theory | Particulars are collections of properties. |
| Substratum View | In addition to a things properties, there is a distinct entity that underlies the properties, that supports or bears the properties. |
| Substance View | concrete particulars themselves should be taken as the most fundamental entities. |
| One objection to the Substratum View is that it would not require an infinite regress of substrata for each particular. | False |
| The principle of the identity of indiscenibles states that any two objects that are numerically identical-that is, they are really one thing- will have all their properties in common | False |
| The virification principle is self-defeating because the proposition itself is empirically unverifiable | True |
| Kant argued, contrary to the Hume appraoch, that the... | Mind was the center of knowledge |
| Logical positivists sought to eradicate science as a unique and privileged way of knowing | False |
| Kant refers to the "real" world outside our minds as the phenomenal world | False |
| Methodological naturalists believe that to appeal to God to explain biological gaps between organisms is laziness. | true |
| Immanuel Kant's theory of knowledge is, in a sense, a compromise between the doctrines of the empiricists and the rationalists. | true |
| Kant's distinction between the noumenal and the phenomenal is self-defeating. | true |
| Immanuel Kant argued that knowledge is | a joint product of the mind and experience. |
| The verification principle of meaning should be attributed to | Logical Positivists |
| which of the following takes into account theological considerations when doing science? | Theistic Science |
| What is the particular brand of naturalism that believes though supernatural beings exist, science should be practiced without any referece to this realm? | Methodological Naturalism |
| Intelligent Design theorists who practice theistic science distinguish between what two kinds of biological complexity that justify the inference to intelligent design? | Irreducible and specified |
| Immanuel Kant's theory of knowledge holds that although all our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it all arises out of experience | true |
| Immunuel Kant (1724-1804) proposed that his theory of knowledge was tantamount to which of the following? | Copernican Revolution |
| mmanuel Kant held that sense experience is important in gaining knowledge of the world. | true |
| Plato's argument from recollection is convincing because it clarifies that learning is a form of recollection. | false |
| The evidence (recorded testimony) from NDEs can be the result of one's cultural influence | true |
| NDEs offer no support for the Christian faith. | false |
| Compatibilists are sometimes called "soft determinists" because they claim that, even though all human actions are determined by some cause, certain actions are free when they are caused by | the decision, choice, or character of the person doing the action. |
| Incompatibilism asserts that freedom and responsibility are consistent with determinism. | false |
| According to Spiegal and Cowen, the soul view is the only Christian view. | false |
| If human beings are products of their environment and conditioning (as Skinner claims), how can they be held responsible for their actions (if they were not "free" to have done otherwise)? | Holding someone responsible for an action means reinforcing desirable behavior, not as a reward for past actions but to cause someone to act in desirable ways in the future. |
| The argument from the perspective of "hope for ultimate justice" reflects the type of argument most pertinent to persuading a skeptic. | false |
| One of the main arguments in defense of incompatiblism is the consequence argument. | true |
| Only Hindus and Buddhists believe in reincarnation. | false |
| Which of the following is not a reason that reincarnation seems to be injust? | Reincarnation entails many people dying long before injustices done to them in this life are rectified. |
| According to hard determinists, no human action is free, but human choices are free. | false |
| The ontological argument gets its name from its attempt to prove the existence of God simply by showing how being or existence is implicit in the meaning of the term God. | true |
| Divine omnipotence is the power to do anything whatsoever | false |
| Thomas Aquinas' cosmological argument is an a posteriori argument because it relies on an appeal to experience to show that God exists. | true |
| The teleological argument gets its name from the fact that it begins with an analysis of the nature of the concept "God." | false |
| For Thomas Aquinas, the first cause of the universe (God) has to have existed at the beginning of time but does not now have to exist in order for the universe to exist now | false |
| By referring to God as that being than which nothing greater can be conceived, St. Anselm equates God with the universe and thus endorses a pantheistic description of God | false |
| According to the cosmological argument for the existence of God, because the universe cannot be its own cause, there must be another cause (namely, God) sufficient to explain the universe's existence. | true |
| A theist is someone who believes that there is a God (even though he or she might not claim to know that God exists) | true |
| The design argument for the existence of God shows how science explains the order and design of the universe without having to introduce an external mind to direct its development | false |
| Hume rejects the design argument by noting that to argue analogously we must understand the analogously related things independently of one another in order to draw the analogy | true |
| Divine omnipotence and eternality are affirmed by all theists | true |
| Kant's objection to the ontological argument is based on his observation that saying that something exists or does not exist does not in any way change what the thing is. | true |
| According to Anselm’s ontological argument, if God is the greatest conceivable being, then a God who exists only in people’s minds and not in reality (outside of their minds) would not truly be God. | true |
| A theodicy is a proof of God's existence based on the belief that both good and evil are matters of perspective. | false |
| A belief in the existence of pointless evil in the world would seem to justify a belief that God is unlikely | true |
| A theodicy is an attempt to explain how an omniscient, omnipotent, all good God can exist simultaneously with evil in the world | true |
| One of the classic arguments against the existence of God is the problem of evil. Which of the following IS NOT a typical response religious believers give to this argument? | Evil is an incoherent, impossible concept, and so not even God could know what evil is. |
| According to the free-will explanation of why evil exists, God created human beings with free will so that they could bring evil on themselves and thus be able to appreciate goodness and to build their characters. | false |
| The argument from religious diviersity | There is not just one religion that will get people to the afterlife, but many |
| The agument from unity of teaching | All religions are basically saying the same thing. |
| The argument from Divine Transcendence | Knowledge about God is far beyond our ability to comprehend, therefore no religion can have a corner on the truth about God and his requirements. |
| The argument from the relativity of truth and logic | Believe mistake of exclusivism in because of reliance on rejection of Aristotelian and philosophical laws and therefore one should reject such laws. |
| The auguemtn from the relativity of religious perception | Incinuates the theory-ladeness of one's religious perceptions implies that there is no such thing as truth in religion. |
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