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sociology test #2
chapter 4, 5, and 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| social control | the techniques and strategies for prebenting deviant human behavior in any society |
| law | governmental social control |
| deviance | behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society |
| crime | a violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties |
| labeling theory | an approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviant while others engaged in the same behavior are not |
| stigma | a label used to devalue members of certain social groups |
| index crime | the eight types of crime reported anually by the FBI in the uniform crime reports: murder, rape, robbery, assult, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson |
| white- collar crime | illegal acts committed by affluent "respectable" individuals in the course of business activities |
| organized crime | the work of a group that regulates relation among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities: prostitution, gambling and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs |
| differential association | a theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts |
| differential justice | differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups |
| victimless crime | a term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal goods and services |
| obediance | compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure |
| conformity | going along with peers |
| social network | a series of social relationships that links a person directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people |
| secondary group | a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding |
| primary group | a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation |
| social group | any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis |
| status | a term used by sociologist to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions with in a large group of society |
| role exit | the process to disengagement from a role that is central to one's self identity in order to establish a new role and identity |
| status set | all the statuses a person holds at a given time ex. volunteer, girlfriend, daughter, sister |
| role set | a number of roles attached to a single status |
| role conflict | conflict among the roles connected to 2 or more statuses |
| role strain | tension among the roles connected to a single status |
| achieved status | social position a person attains through his or her own efforts |
| ascribed status | social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life daughter, american, widower |
| master status | a status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society |
| social institution | an organized pattern of beliefs and behavior center on basic social needs. |
| social interaction | the ways in which people respond to one another ; how people act and react with others |
| social structure | the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships (micro level) largely consists of statuses and roles |
| total institution | institution that regulates all aspects of a person's life under a single authority, such as a prison, the military, a mental hospital, or a convent |
| resocialization | the process in which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture |
| anticipatory socialization | processes of socialization in which a person rehearses for future positions, occupation and social relationships |
| gender role | expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females |
| what are the agents of socialization ? | family school peer group mass media and technology religion and the state |
| what is considered to be the most important agent of socialization? | family |
| What did WI Thomas contribute to sociaology when attempting to understand the social construction of reality? (definition of the theorem) | situations that are defined as real are real in the consequences |
| What were the overall finding of Solomon Asch's Line Length research? | People are willing to abandon their own judgement, even if they know they are right to avoid being an outsider |
| As networks grow larger they become ____. | stronger |
| The people in a social network are called what? | nodes |
| Spaces that bind the people in a social network are called what? | ties or links |
| Dyad | Social groups with 2 members (vulnerable to instability) |
| Triad | a social group with 3 members (more stable) |
| The French Game of Death is a modern experiment but is based on what famous social theorist's decades old work? what did the original theorist study? Did it support or reject the results | Stanley Milgram/ shock experiments/ supports |
| What is the name of the book Phillip Zimbardo wrote about the Abu Ghraib issue in Iraq in recent years? | The Lucifer Effect |
| What is typically the most common master status people have? | Occupation |
| formal organization | a group designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency |
| What are the 3 types of organizations | Utilitarian Normative Coercive |
| Utilitarian | place of employment |
| Normative | not centered on income- goal seen as morally worthwhile. Volunteering |
| Coercive | total institutions, prisons, invol. mental institutions organizations that involve involuntary memberships |
| What is bureaucracy | a component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency |
| What are the 5 characteristics of bureaucracy | 1. Division of Labor 2. Hierarchy of Authority 3. Written rules and regulations 4. Impersonality 5.Employment based on technical qualification |
| Which types of crimes occur more often? (violent crime or property crime) | property crime |
| What are the four functions of deviance | 1. it affirms cultural values and norms 2. responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries 3. Responding to deviance brings people together 4. it encourages social change |
| How is deviance viewed by the SFA | crime may be necessary (job less) |
| How is deviance viewed by the SCA | focuses on linking deviance with inequality |
| How is deviance viewed by the SIA | how people see deviance in everyday situations ex. tattoos (labeling theory) |
| Crimes are composed of 2 elements: | the act itself criminal intent (ranges from negligence to willful intent) |
| What are the 4 types of people proposed i Robert Merton's strain theory (aka Anomie Theory of Deviance) | Innovators Ritualists Retreatists Rebels |
| What manner are most criminal cases resolved in the US? | plea bargaining |
| Innovator | +/- accepts goals of society but peruses in means that are regarded as improper |
| Ritualists | -/+ abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed to the institutional means |
| Retreatist | -/- withdrawn from both goals and means of society ex drug addicts, drop outs, slackers |
| Rebel | attemps to create a new social structure |
| labeling theory is aka | societal reaction approach |
| 5 types of crime | victimless crime professional crime organized crime white collar and technology based crime transnational crime |
Created by:
sammie2124