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Plant Science 2
exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three basic chemical components of a seed? | Carbohydrates, oil, and protein. |
| ____ have large amounts of carbohydrates in the endosperm than others. | cereal crops |
| ____ has more protein and oil than others in the cotyledon. | peanut |
| ____ has more protein than peanut in cotyledon. | soybean |
| Seed Function-________, usually the product of sexual reproduction. | propagation |
| ___ is an arrested stage of plant development. | seed |
| What are the three basic components of the seed? | embryo, energy source, and outer covering |
| What is an example of a typical legume seed? | bean (dicot) |
| what is an example of a typical grass seed? | corn (monocot) |
| What is germination? | the sequence of events leading to the re-initiation of active growth of embryo, rupture seed covering and emergence of seeding. |
| What does a typical young seedling consist of? | radicle, hypocotyl, and cotyledons |
| What are the two classes that of flowering plants? explain them | monocots (one blade shape cotyledon), dicots (two round cotyledons) |
| What are acotyledons? | plants with no cotyledon |
| Explain the radicle. | It is the first part of the seedling to emerge from the seed during germination. |
| The radicle is the _____ _____ of the plant. | embryonic root |
| The radicle grows in which direction in the soil? | downward |
| What is above the radicle? And what does it do? | The embryonic root and it supports the cotyledon |
| Explain the hypocotyl. | It emerges and lifts growing up above the ground after emergence of the radice. q |
| ____ is the primary organ of extension of the young plant and develops into the stem. | hypocotyl |
| Explain the coleoptile. | it is part of the cotyledon and protects the young and plumule as growth pushes them up through the soil |
| explain the cotylendons | they become the embryonic first leaves of a seeding |
| What are the two things the cotyledon consist of? | scutellum and coleoptile |
| What is the scutellum? | A tissue within the seed that is specialized to absorb stored food from the adjacent endosperm |
| ___ is a protective cap that covers the plumule | coleoptile |
| ____ contains the stored food reserves of the seed. | cotyledons |
| ___ may wither as the first true leaves take over food production for the seedling. | cotyledons |
| Cotyledons may turn ____ and begin photosynthesis as as these reserves are used up. | green |
| Explain the Epigeal. | Expanding on the germination of the seed. -throwing off the seed shell - become photosynthetic above the ground |
| explain the hypogeal. | not expanding -remaining below ground - not becoming photosynthetic |
| Give an example where there is epigeal emergence. | contrast bean |
| Give an example where there is hypogeal emergence. | corn |
| __ - above | epi |
| ____ - hypo | below |
| ____-soil | geal |
| What is photomorphogenesis? | Seeds grown in the light |
| Plants that undergo photomorpogenesis develop ____ . | short hypocotyls |
| During photomorphogenesis plants ___ cotyledons exposing the ____ | cotyledons/ epicotyls |
| What is skotomorphogenesis? | When seedlings are grown in the dark |
| Plants that undergo skotomorphogenesis develop ____. | long hypocotyls |
| plants that undergo _______ have cotyledons that remain closed around epicotyl in an apical hook. | skotomorphogenesis |
| in ______ the seedling is a yellowish color | Skotomorphogenesis |
| Where can the first node be found? | where the cotyledons are attached |
| The Seedling development starts with _____ while the seedling is growing through the soil and attempting to reach the light. | skotomorphogenesis |
| During ______ the cotyledons are tightly closed and form the ____ _____ to protect the shoot apical meristem from damage while pushing through the soil. | skotomorphogenesis |
| Explain the seedling development in natural situations | It breaks the surface and reaches the light, skotomorphogenesis is switched to photomorphogenesis, they become green and then form the photosynthetic organs of the young plant. |
| Explain what happens after the seedling starts to photosynthesize. | no longer dependent on the seeds energy reserves - the apical meristems start growing and give rise to root and shoot - the first true leaves expand |
| The Terminal ____ bud of a plant is the primary growing point located at the ___ of the stem | apical/apex(tip) |
| The ____ bud is a bud that develops in the axil of a leaf of a plant. | axilliary |
| Axillary buds develop from the ___ which then becomes a new stem. | node |
| What is the apical meristem? | is typically a small single point like area that the tip of a shoot that supply cells for the plant to increase in length. |
| Growth of plants that grow up for shoots and down for roots is know as ___ ____ and is found ___ and ___ plants and in monocots and dicotsl. | primary growth/herbaceous and woody plants |
| The axillary meristem can give rise to secondary __,___,or ____ | flowers, leaves, or roots |
| Axillary buds in grasses are found at the ____ | region of shortened nodes and internodes |
| Leaf blades and stems grow from ______ | intercalary meristems |
| What is germination? | emergence and development of the seed embryo of those essential structures that for the kind of seed in question, are indicative of the ability to produce a normal plant under favorable conditions. |
| Resumption of active growth resulting in emergence of radicle and rupture of the seed coeat | germination |
| What are the requirements for seed germination | viable seed,mature seed,oxygen,moisture,proper temperature |
| Why are mature seeds preferred? | because immature seeds lack a fully developed testa, immature seeds require special handling and storage, and in some seeds there is more vigorous growth in mature seeds |
| The first stage of germination is ___. | imbition |
| What is imbition? | The passive uptake of water (no energy) |
| ____ is required for enzyme activation,breakdown,translocation and use of reserve storage material to feed the growing embryo axis. | water |
| Depending upon the species, the seed may have to imbibe between ____ to ____ % of its dry weight. | 25-75 |
| Corn has to imbibe ___ % of its dry weight | 30.5% |
| Rice imbibes ___ % of its dry weight | 26.5% |
| Soybeans imbibe ____ & of its dry weight | 50% |
| Sugarbeets imbibe ____ % of their dry weight | 31% |
| Respiration ____ sharply during seed germination. | increases |
| General plants have an optimum temperature of____ | (60) 77 to 86 degrees F |
| Cool season plants require less than ____ temperature | 77F |
| Warm season plants requiring more than ____ temperature | 50F |
| Growth rate of a plant doubles for each ____ degrees C increase | 10 |
| Plants require reversible ___-_____ nm of light | 660-700 |
| The dry seed is dormant but living-this is called_____ | quiescent |
| What are the 5 mechanisms to maintain dormancy? | 1) Hard or impermeable seed coat 2)light requirement 3)low temperature 4)immature embryo 5)chemical germination inhibitor in fruit or seed coat |
| Seed dormancy mechanisms: seed exposed to all requirements still fails to ___, but the embryo is still ___ | germinate/living |
| ____ is dissolving the seed coat using sandpaper, mild acid, etc. | scarification |
| What is stratification? | exposing seeds to low temperatures to break dormancy |
| What are some advantages of seed dormancy? | all seeds do not germinate at the same time- keeps seed from germinating on plant before harvest and prevents sprout damage |
| What are some disadvantages of seed dormancy? | -makes it difficult to get good stand of crop- makes weed hard to eradicate (seed can live in the soil for many years) |
| What is a viable seed? | a seed which is living and capable of germinating if given all necessary requirements to break seed dormancy |
| what is seed longevity? | how long seeds remain viable |
| What are a few seed examples that have short seed longevity and how long | soybean and peanut (1-2 years) |
| ___ in seeds reduces storage availability | oil |
| what are some examples of seeds with longer seed longevity | wheat (5-10) years |
| What is the optimum temp. for most seeds | 40F 4C |
| Seeds must have less than ___% humidity | 50 |
| ___ are a major problem in storage | insects |
Created by:
morgandarce