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Chapter Eight
Philosophy of Education
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
| Traditionalists often champion _____-_____ philosophies. | teacher-centered. |
| Teacher-centered philosophies emphasize what? | These philosophies emphasize the importance of transferring knowledge, information, and skills from the older generation to the younger one. |
| The major teacher-centered philosophies include | essentialism and perennialism. |
| Teacher-centered philosophies view the primary purpose of schools as... | passing the cultural baton. |
| ______ strives to teach students the accumulated knowledge of our civilization through core courses in the traditional academic disciplines. | Essentialism |
| The back-to-basics approach of essentialism is meant to ensure a ____ ____ among Americans. | common culture |
| _____ _______ popularized the term essentialism. | William Bagley |
| Some educators refer to the present period as _______. | neoessentialism |
| He is one of the leading essentialists and author of the books "Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know," and "The Schools We Need and Why We Don't Have Them." | E.D. Hirsch, Jr. |
| Being required to take many courses in English, history, math, and science with few electives would be a(n) __________ education. | essentialist |
| ______ teachers rely on achievement test scores to evaluate progress. | Essentialist |
| The _____ view of education is that a student must master certain required material before being promoted to another level of learning. | essentialist |
| _____ organize their schools around books, ideas, and concepts. | Perennialists |
| Perennialists _____ essentialists for their focus on vast amounts of factual information. | criticize |
| Perennialists recommend that students learn directly from the _____ _____. | Great Books--works by history's finest thinkers and writers |
| Perenialists believe that the goal of school should be to | develop rational thought and to discipline minds to think rigorously. |
| Perennialists see education as a _____ _____. | sorting mechanism |
| In a perennialist classroom, the greatest emphasis on scholastic performance is found in ______. | reading |
| Special emphasis is placed on teaching values and character training in a(n) ________ classroom. | perennialist |
| In his Paideia Proposal, _____ _____ proposed a single elementary and secondary curriculum for all students, with no curricular electives except in the choice of a second language. | Mortimer Adler |
| You will find few if any _____ in a perennialist class. | textbooks |
| In perennialist classrooms, _____ are rare. | lectures |
| Current concerns like_____ and ____ ____ find no place in a perennial classroom. | multiculturism and gender stereotypes |
| Both perennialist and essentialist philosophies promote a _____, _____ ____ approach. | conservative, status quo |
| ____ organizes schools around the concerns, curiosity, and real-world experiences of students. | Progressivism |
| Progressivism is the educational application of a philosophy called ______. | pragmatism |
| According to pragmatism, the way to determine if an idea has merit is to _____ ____. | test it |
| ____ ____ refined and applied pragmatism to education, establishing what became known as progressivism. | John Dewey |
| Dewey believed that students should master the ____ ____. | scientific method |
| John Dewey thought that students learn best through ____ ____ in the real world. | social interaction |
| Upon entering a progressive classroom one would see... | children working in small groups, moving about and talking freely. Interest centers would be located throughout the room filled with books, materials, software, and projects designed to attract student interest on a wide array of topics. |
| Progressive education helps to build a student's _____ ____. | multiple intelligence |
| ______ ______ encourages schools, teachers, and students to focus on alleviating social ills and reconstructing society into a more just social order. | Social Reconstructionism |
| In his book, "Dare the Schools Build a New Social Order?" he proposed that schools focus on reforming society. | George Counts |
| According to a social reconstructionist, a teacher's role is to... | explore social problems, suggest alternative perspectives, and facilitate student analysis of these problems. |
| A social reconstructionist teacher creates lessons that both _____ ____ and _____ ____ students. | intellectually inform and emotionally stir |
| A facilitator is one who... | assists students in focusing their questions, developing a strategy, helping to organize visits, and ensuring that the data collected and analyzed meet standards of objectivity. |
| ____ ____ believed that schools were just another institution perpetuating social inequities while serving the interests of the dominant group. | Paulo Freire |
| Social Darwinism is... | the idea that society is an ingenous "sorting" system, one in which the more talented rise to the top, while those less deserving find themselves at the bottom. |
| Praxis is the doctrine which states that... | when actions are based on sound theory and values, they can make a real difference in the world. |
| _______ places the highest priority on students directing their own learning. | Existentialism |
| _____ asserts that the purpose of education is to help children find the meaning and direction in their lives. | Existentialism |
| In this type of classroom, subject matter takes second place to students understanding and appreciating themselves as unique individuals. | existentialist |
| In an existentialist classroom, ____ and ___ may be de-emphasized because they are less fruitful for promoting self-awareness. | math and science |
| _____ _____ is self-paced, self-direcred, and includes a great deal of individual contact with the teacher. | Existentialist learning |
| Roles and "official" status are de-emphasized in this type of classroom. | existentialist |
| This social reconstructionist views schools as a place to nurture students in the 3Cs--caring, concern, and connection. | Jane Roland Martin |
| Existentialist schools like Sudbury Valley offer an _____, but each student must decide what to do with it. | opportunity |
| ______ asserts that knowledge cannot be handed from one person to another, but must be constructed by each learner through interpreting and reinterpreting a constant flow of information. | Constructivism |
| According to constructivism, the essence of learning is the constant effort to _____ ___ _____. | assimilate new information |
| Scaffolding is... | using questions, clues, or suggestions to help a student link prior knowledge to new information. |
| Accorging to _____, our minds use past experiences to analyze current situations and events. | constructivism |
| _____ is derived from the belief that free will is an illusion, and that human beings are shaped entirely by their environments. | Behaviorism |
| He was the leading advocate of behaviorism. | B.F. Skinner |
| Behaviorists urge teachers to use a system of _____ to encourage desired behaviors. | reinforcement |
| In _____ _____ , extrinsic rewards are generally lessened as the student acquires and masters the targeted behavior. | behavior modification |
| _____ ______ catches students being good and recognizes and supports them when they behave appropriately. | Assertive discipline |
| The tendency to view one's own culture as superior to others is known as... | ethnocentrism. |
| Informal education can be defined as... | education one receives from the community outside of school. |
| In other parts of the world, a child's education is the primary concern of the _____. | family |
| Repeatedly questioning, disproving, and testing one's thoughts is known as the... | Socratic method |
| This is considered by some to be the world's first university. | The Academy |
| ______ deals with the origin and structure of reality. | Metaphysics |
| _____ examines the nature and orgin of human knowledge.How do we use our minds? | Epistemology |
| _____ asserts that existence is only in the physical. | Materialism |
| _____ contends that reality is known only through the mind. | Idealism |
| _____ _____ asserts that reality is known through both materialism and idealism. | Cartesian dualism |
| ______ holds that sensory experience is the source of knowledge. | Empiricism |
| This empiricist doctrine may be the most widely held belief in Western culture. | Knowledge is gained most reliably through scientific experimentation. |
| _____ emphasizes the power of reason--in particular, logic. | Rationalism |
| ______ is the study of what is good or bad in human behavior, thoughts, and feelings. | Ethics |
| ____ ____ analyzes how past and present societies are arranged and governed and proposes ways to create better societies. | Political philosophy |
| ______ probes the nature of beauty. | Aesthetics |
| _____ is the branch of philosophy that deals with reasoning. | Logic |
| _____ defines the rules of reasoning. | Logic |
| In deductive reasoning... | teachers present students with a general rule and then help them identify particular applications of the rule. |
| In inductive reasoning... | teachers help students draw tentative generalizations after having observed specific instances of a phenomenon. |
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styers.barbara