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Geology Exam 2 Mulle
phy and his geology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| vibration caused by a sudden breaking or fractional sliding of rock | earthquake |
| fracture on which one bidy of rock slides last another | fault |
| or hypocenter, location where fault slips/breaks | focus |
| point on surface of earth directly above the focus of an earthquake | epicenter |
| intersection between fault and ground surface | fault trace |
| rock/sediment mass that lies below an inclined fault plane | foot wall |
| rock/sediment that lies above an inclined fault plane | hanging wall |
| hanging wall block moves down the fault plane | normal fault |
| steeply dipping fault on which the hanging wall block slides up the fault plane | reverse fault |
| gently dipping reverse fault, hanging wall block move up the fault plane | thrust fault |
| one block slides horizontally past another, no relative or vertical motion | strike-slip fault |
| fault in which sliding occurs in multiple directions along fault plane | oblique-slip fault |
| stress that is built up on opposite sides of a fault is ____ | why earthquakes occur |
| along plate boundaries is _____ | where earthquakes occur |
| occur along wadati-benioff zone at convergent plate boundaries | deep-focus earthquakes |
| sloping band of seismicity occurring down the slab of a convergent plate boundary | wadati-benioff zone |
| ____ by an earthquake radiates in all directions | energy released |
| seismic waves that travel deep into the earths surface | surface waves |
| cause group ro ripple up and down | R waves |
| cause group to "snake from side to side | L waves |
| Seismic waves that travel deep into the earth interior | body waves |
| can move through any type of material | P waves |
| can move only through solids | S waves |
| _____ waves travel though the entire earth | P and S waves |
| seafloor bottom recording capable of detecting tsunamis | the dart II system |
| large eave along the sea surface triggered by an earthquake or landslide submarine landslide | tsunami |
| instrument that can record the ground motion from an earthquake | seismometer |
| can record the intensity and duration of an earthquake | seismograph |
| used to determine earthquake magnitude | richter scale |
| small elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of current flow, occurs at beaches | ripple marks |
| forms as a sand dune or ripple migrates in the direction of the flow | cross beds |
| formed when an earthquake, storm or underwater landslide causes sediment of different sizes to mix together | turbidity currents |
| hexagonal plates that curve up at their edges | mud cracks |
| process by which one kind of rock transforms into a different kind of rock without melting | metamorphism |
| rock that forms from the modification of another rock | metamorphic rock |
| "parent rock", preexisting rock that was deformed and modified into a metamorphic rock, ex) coal | protolith |
| increase with depth, can cause rock to recrystallize, grow new minerals that are not stable at lower temperatures and can cause the rock to melt | heat |
| increase with depth, can cause a rock to become more compact | pressure |
| will deform a rock in one direction greater than another, can cause push or pull in one direction of a greater magnitude than the push or pull in one direction | stress |
| dissolved elements in hot fluids will react chemically to change the minerals in a rock | chemically active fluids |
| metamorphic reactions that take place in a very hot fluid | hydrothermal fluid |
| change the shape and size of a mineral without changing its original composition | recrystallization |
| change one mineral into another | phase change |
| growth of new minerals out of the protolith due to metamorphic processes | metamorphic reaction |
| process of dissolution at points of contact, between grains, where compression is greatest, producing ions that grow into new minerals | pressure solution |
| deformation process in which mineral grains behave like plastic and when compressed or sheared, become flattened or elongated without cracking/breaking | plastic deformation |
| growth of new minerals out of the protolith due to metamorphic changes | metamorphic settings |
| caused by heat conducted into country rock from an igneous intrusion | contact |
| region around at pluton, stretching tens to hundreds of meters out | aureoles |
| metamorphic rocks formed by contact metamorphism. The high heat of the magma "baked" the rock | hornfels |
| when cold sea water interacts with the hot rising magma at mid-ocean ridges, the sea water heats up and produces a metamorphic that is rich in iron | hydrothermal alternation |
| meta rock that is produced by hydrothermal alternation. | greenstone |
| involves heat, pressure, and shearing. Results in the collision of one tectonic plate with another | regional metamorphism |
| occurs along faults from shearing forces applied to the rock | dynamic metamorphism |
| the formation in fault zones tends to behave in a more plastic fashion, while rock closer to the earths surface is brittle fashion | depth |
| they are stretched | plastic fashion |
| they are smashed | brittle fashion |
| as more sedimentary rock forms from on top of each other, rock becomes buried deep into the earth | burial metamorphism |
| layering formed as a consequence of the alignment of mineral grains, of or composition bending in a metamorphic rock | foliated |
| rock containing minerals that recystallized during metamorphism, but which as no layering has appeared | non-foliated |
| foliation typical of slate, and reflective of the preferred orientation of slate's clay minerals, that allows slate to be split into thin sheets | slaty cleavage |
| fine-grained, foliated low-grade metamorphic rock | slate |
| foliation caused by the preferred orientation of large mica flakes | shistocity |
| medium to coarse grained foliated metamorphic rock that possesses shistocity | shist |
| fine grained foliated metamorphic rock | phyllite |
| compositional band foliated metamprphic rock typically composed of alternating dark and light colored laters | gneiss |
| foliated metamorphic rock formed when gneiss is heated high enough so that it partially melts, creating layers, or lenses of new igneous rock that mix with layers of relict gneiss | migmatite |
| different minerals tell a geologist how ___ the rock became during metamorphism | hot |
| the grinding away and removal of earths surface by water, air, or ice | erosion |
| process that breaks up and corrodes solid rock | weathering |
| when intact rock breaks into smaller grains or chunks by mechanical means | physical weathering |
| water trapped in in open space of rock freezes | frost wedging |
| roots extend into spaces of rock causes them to expand | root wedging |
| dissolved salt in water crystallizes and grows in open pore spaces in rock and pushes them apart | salt wedging |
| abrasion of rock by high winds that contain salt/silt | ventification |
| heating of rock causes it to expand and break | thermal expansion |
| biological organisms that break apart rocks | biological means |
| most weathering occurs along open fractures in rocks called ____ | joints |
| process by which an outcrop of rock splits apart | exfoliation |
| process in which chemical reactions alter or destroy mineral/rocks when them come in contact with water solutions and/or air | chemical weathering |
| minerals and rocks are dissolved in water | dissolutions |
| reaction in which an element loses electrons ex) iron and air to form rust | oxidation |
| absorption of water into crystal structures of minerals | hydration |
| process in which water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down | hydrolysis |
| can occur when biological organisms secrete organic acids that dissolve minerals | chemical weathering by organisms |
| chemical weathering releases ___ from rocks and minerals | ions |
| accumulation of loose mineral grains of very small fragments of rocks | sediment |
| rock that forms by the cementing together of fragments broken off preexisting rocks | sedimentary rocks |
| sedimentary rocks made out of grains | detritus |
| detritus can be classified by their ___ | diameter |
| >256mm | boulders |
| 64mm > and <256mm | cobbles |
| 2mm > and < 64 mm | pebbles |
| 1/16 mm > and <2 mm | sand |
| 1/256> and <1/16mm | silt |
| <1/256 mm | clay |
| moving of minerals by wind, water or ice is _____ | erosion and transportation |
| sediment settles out of a transporting medium is a ____ | deposition |
| transformation of loose sediment into solid rock through compaction and cementation | lithification |
| the further away from a ____ sediment is carried, the finer grained it gets | source area |
| the further a sediment is carried away from its source area, the more ___ it becomes | mature |
| consisting of cemented together detritus derived from the weathering or preexisting rock | clastic sedimentary rocks |
| formed from material (such as shells) produced by living organisms | biochemical sedimentary rocks |
| sedimentary rock (such as coal) formed from carbon-rich relicts of organisms, forms in swamps | organic sedimentary rocks |
| made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions | chemical sedimentary rocks |
| very coarse-grained clastic sedimentary rock consisting of rounded gravel size clasts | conglomerate |
| corse grained, clastic, sedimentary rock consisting of angular gravel size fragments, forms in alluvial fan environments and glacial deposits | breccia |
| coarse grained, clastic, sedimentary rock consisting almost entirely os sand size quarts grains, forms at beaches, dunes, fluvial/alluvial fan deposits | sandstone |
| very fine grained, clastic, sedimentary rock that beaks into thin sheets. Mud sized particles, forms in deep marine basins | shale |
| chemical sedimentary rock composed of CaCO_3. it also represents a former proliferation of life, forms in shallow marine environments | limestone |
| chemical sedimentary rock similar to limestone but made of CaMg[CO_3]_2. Mostly occurs as a reaction between limestone and Mg-rich water. forms in shallow marine environments | dolostone |
| chemical sedimentary rock composed if very fine grained silica | chert |
| chemical sedimentary rocks that dorm in arid environments from the evaporation of water that is rich in salt, or in a restricted basin, forms in arid evironments | evaporites |
| mountain building event, when 2 tectonic plates collide such as Tibet and Asia to form the Himalayan Mountains | orogeny |
| major mountain belts formed by convergent plate tectonic activity | mountain building |
| leads to the production of volcanic island arcs | oceanic-oceanic subduction |
| leads to production of continental volcanic arcs | oceanic-continental subduction |
| when 2 tectonic plates that are made up of continental crust converge with each other | continental collision |
| assemblage of folds and related thrust faults that develop | fold and thrust belt |
| when 2 large tectonic plates made up of continental crust join with each other | collision orogen |
| along subduction zones can form mountains | accretion of terranes |
| crustal block, usually bound by faults, whose geologic history is distinct from the history of adjoining crustal blocks | terranes |
| ____ of N. America is comprised of numerous accreted terranes | west coast |
| a change in the shape, position, or orientation of a rock by bending, breaking or flowing | components of deformation |
| high ____ make it easier for a rock to break, highest ___ allow rocks to deform ductility | temperatures |
| this allows the rock to break when it at high ___. when this is high rocks behave more ductility | pressure |
| sine rocks are softer than others, so they deform more easily | composition |
| rate at which deformation takes place is important. the longer the deformation the more ductile | time |
| the cracking and fracturing of a material subjected to stress | brittle deformation |
| fracture in a rock where no displacement occurs | joints |
| planes where rocks relieve stress by movement | faults |
| extension of continental crust on normal faults having deep dig angles in upper crust that flatten with depth, forming curved fault surfaces | tensional tectonics |
| high block system between 2 graben | horst |
| a down-dropped crustal block bounded on either side by a normal fault dipping toward the basin | graben |
| compression of continental crust occurs on thrust faults with low dip angles | faults (shortened/compression) |
| grouping of numerous related faults | fault system |
| nearly horizontal fault at the base of a fault system | detachment faults |
| the bending and flowing of a material (without cracking or breaking) subjected to stress | ductile deformation |
| alignment of mineral grains in a rock | foliation |
| bends or wrinkles in the rocks | folds |
| a fold in an arch-like shape in which the limbs away from the hinge | anticline |
| a through-shaped fold whose limbs dip toward the hinge | syncline |
| a fold in the land surface whose shape resembles that of a carpet draped over a stair step. Caused by a blind fault | monocline |
| folded or arched layers with the shape of an overturned bowl | dome |
| a fold or depression shaped like a right-side-up bowl | basin |
Created by:
KAzetapi