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speech and hearing
test two part two
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| process of joining two elements together | articulation |
| Process of bringing two or more moveable speech structures together to form the sounds of speech | articulation for speech |
| source-filter theory of vowel production describes how ____ cavity shapes speech | oral |
| States that a voicing source is generated by vocal folds, routed through vocal tract, and then shaped into sounds of speech | source-filter theory |
| vocal tract consists of: | oral cavity, pharynx, and nasal cavity |
| ____ are structures used to produce sounds of speech | articulators |
| mobile articulators | tongue, lips, pharynx, mandible, velum |
| immobile articulators | teeth, hard palate, alveolar ridge |
| The ____ system is located within the head and neck, just above the larynx and it is formed by cavities and valves, and including movable and fixed structures. | articulatory |
| the articulatory system connects the throat to the outside atmosphere through the ___ and ____ | nose and mouth |
| the articulatory system is about ____ cm long in adult male and shorter in females and children | 17 |
| articulatory system includes: | nasal cavities, oral cavity, and the pharynx |
| frontal bone(s) | single |
| parietal bone(s) | paired |
| temporal bone(s) | paired |
| sphenoid bone(s) | single |
| ethmoid bone(s) | single |
| occipital bone(s) | single |
| the organs that are involved in speech production include from bottom up: | lungs, trachea, and larynx |
| lungs in speech production | supply the airstream |
| ____ is the windpipe and air passage | trachea |
| voice generation through vibration of the VFs | larynx |
| when VFs are closed, they produce ____ sounds, when they are apart from each other, they produce ____ sounds | voiced; voiceless |
| closed vocal folds | adducted |
| open vocal folds | abducted |
| the ___ acts as a resonator and air passage | pharynx |
| they valve the airstream in specific ways at different places, generating different types of periodic and aperiodic complex sounds | articulators |
| the ____ ____ is in the form of a tube close at one end, which is the glottis and open in the other end, which is the lips, so it is known as a quarter-wave resonator. | vocal tract |
| the RF of the whole tract is ____ from the RF of each container in the tract by itself | different |
| the vocal tract resonates at many ___ | RFs |
| The wavelength (WL) of the lowest RF by which a quarter-wave resonator responds is ___ times the length of the tube, which is 17cm in the VT of adult male | 4 |
| The wavelength (WL) of the lowest RF by which a quarter-wave resonator responds is 4 times the length of the tube, which is ___ cm in the VT of adult male | 17 |
| The ____ of the lowest RF by which a quarter-wave resonator responds is 4 times the length of the tube, which is 17cm in the VT of adult male | wavelength |
| the speed of the sound /WL RF= 34000/68 = 500 Hz, the next RF= 1500, then 2500, 3500 Hz.. | frequency |
| These RFs of the VFs are called _____ | formants |
| the VT is not a ___ or ____ resonator, rather it is a ____ resonator | fixed or constant; variable |
| the VTs RFs is changeable depending on the ____ of the tract that changes by changing the positions of the articulators | shape |
| Although the VT has variable and many RFs, and thus many formants, only the first ____ formants are considered important in speech production because the acoustic energy generated by the VFs is distributed on frequencies that are below 5000Hz | 3 |
| The glottis as a source of sound produces sound of a fundamental frequency that equal to the F0 of the VF with its harmonics that ____ in their acoustic energy (amplitude/intensity) as the frequency _____ | decrease; increases |
| As the glottal sound passes through the VT, it will be filtered out by the VT resonator which has formants (F1, F2, & F3) of ____ Hz, ____, ____ respectively in adult male | 500, 1500, 2500 |
| the harmonics that are close to these formants will be ____, while those that are far from these formants will be ____ | boosted; attenuated |
| Because the VT has a broad range of resonance, the bandwidth of each formants is relatively wide, allowing many harmonics that are close enough to these formants to be ____ or _____ | resonated or boosted |
| However, the F0 and the harmonics of the resulting sound still have the same frequency of the sound produced by the VF, the only change is the ____ or the ____ of acoustic energy within each harmonics (quality). | intensity; amount |
| source-filter theory of vowel production was proposed by ___ ___ in ____s | Gunnar Fant in 1960s |
| explains the way by which the VT filters the glottal sounds by presenting the three elements involved in vowel production in terms of three spectra | source-filter theory of vowel production |
| It represents the original sound as it is getting out of the VFs, the F0 has the highest amplitude with decrease in the amplitude in the subsequent harmonics in a rate of 12 dB/ octave. The acoustic energy can be still detected up to 5000 Hz. | first spectrum is the glottal spectrum |
| the ____ spectrum is the glottal spectrum | first |
| the first spectrum is not perceived as a vowel and rather is heard as: | lowe-intensity buzz |
| ___ spectrum is frequency response curve for the resonance effect of the VT | second |
| the ___ spectrum is called the output function | third |
| the third spectrum is called the output function because it represents the sound when it is emerging from the ___ | lips |
| the ___ sound has the same F0 and harmonics of the original sound, but with different quality according to the resonating function of the VT | final |
| refers to the process in which two or more articulators move simultaneously to form word (s) from individual speech sounds or phonemes, as a result coarticulation, the acoustic characteristics of each phoneme will be modified. | coarticulation |
| a way by which the speaker convey information to the listener that extended beyond the information within the words themselves. | suprasegmentals |
| the suprasegmental features of speech include: | intonation, stress, and duration |
| ____ ____ are important aspects of speech in providing an emotional framework for the information being mentioned and enhancing the intelligibility of speech | suprasegmental features |
| ____ is a way by which the speaker uses to meet some linguistic aspects by changing the level of F0, such as statement versus question. | intonation |
| variation in F0 is called ___ ____ or ___ ___ | pitch contour or F0 contour |
| In case of statement or declarative sentence, there is a ___-___ F0 contour, in which the F0 starts at ___ level then getting ___ by the end of the sentence | rise-fall; high; lower |
| during question, F0 reaches its ____ level at the end of the sentence | highest |
| The variation in F0 contour is assumed to be based on the physiology of coordinating breathing for ____ and ____ | speech and phonation |
| This assumption is based on “breath group”, which means that a sentence is produced in ___ breath/exhalation | one |
| During statement, the subglottal pressure remains constant and ___ in its level at the end of the sentence, which results in a low F0 | drops |
| In case of question, the speaker needs to use muscular action to increase the tension of the VFs to overcome the drop in subglottal pressure, and thus keeping F0 in its ___ level at the end of the sentence. | highest |
| ____ is associated with variation in the frequency, intensity and duration of a syllable/word to emphasize on a particular part of the utterance. | stress |
| Stressed syllable has ____ intensity, ____ frequency and ____ duration than unstressed syllable | higher, higher, longer |
| the time that taken for a speech sound to be completed. | duration |
| duration varies according to the ___ of articulation; stops have ___ duration than fricatives ; diphthongs are ____ than glides | manner; shorter; longer |
| ___ varies according to the degree of the stress on the word being spoken | duration |
| the more the ___ the longer the duration | stress |
| the duration is used as a cue for ___ | voicing |
| During conversation, duration of the word can be used to indicate the completion of the meaning of a particular sentence or phrase, where the last word of the sentence has a ___ duration than if the same word comes in the middle of the sentence | longer |
| consonants can be classified according to: | place of articulation, manner of articulation and voicing |
| bilabial, labiodental, interdental or lingudental, alveolar or lingualveolar, palatal or linguapalatal, velar or lingusvelar, and glottal | place of articulation |
| stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, glides, and liquids | manner of articulation |
| ___ into voiced versus voiceless | voicing |
| the two lips either tightly come together or just contact each other | bilabial |
| bilabial sounds | p, b, m, w |
| the upper teeth come in contact to the lower lip | labiodental |
| labiodental sounds | v and f |
| the tip of the tongue is placed between the upper and lower front teeth | interdental |
| interdental sounds | e and both "th" |
| the contact between the tip or blade of the tongue and the alveolar ridge | alveolar |
| alveolar sounds | t, d, s, z, n, and l |
| tip of the tongue and back of the alveolar ridge | retroflex |
| between tongue blade and back of the alveolar ridge | palatoalveolar |
| the contact is between the front of the tongue and the hard palate | palatal |
| between the back of the tongue and the velum | velar |
| velar sounds | k, g |
| between the VFs, when they are close to each other, but not vibrating | glottal |
| glottal sounds | h |
| produced when the contact occurs between two articulator momentarily that block the airflow through the oral cavity | stops |
| stops are accomplished by closing the velopharyngeal valve to prevent escaping of the air through the ___ cavity | nasal |
| ___ are produced the airflow through a narrow channel | fricatives |
| ___ are accomplished by bringing the articulators close to each other without touching | fricatives |
| a combination of stops and fricatives | affricates |
| affricates start as a stop and then changes to be ___ in the midstream | fricative |
Created by:
jbrown56