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micro 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Environmental changes can result in the inactivation of enzymes | true |
| How does a noncompetitive inhibitor reduce an enzyme’s activity? | The inhibitor binds to the enzyme in a location other than the active site, changing the shape of the active site. |
| What would be the likely outcome if you increased the concentration of substrate for an enzyme in the presence of a noncompetitive inhibitor? | No change in enzyme activity would be observed. |
| How is nevirapine used to treat HIV infections? | It alters the active site of reverse transcriptase, decreasing that enzyme’s activity. |
| A reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another is referred to as a redox reaction | true |
| During an oxidation reaction | the donor molecule loses an electron and becomes oxidized. |
| Why is reduction the term used to describe the gain of an electron? | The electron acceptor’s net charge decreases |
| Which of the following statements regarding redox reactions is true? | Redox reactions involve an oxidation reaction coupled with a reduction reaction. |
| In metabolism, energy that is not used is given off as | HEAT |
| The reactions involved in producing larger compounds from smaller compounds is called | ANA-bolism |
| Where does the energy required for anabolic reactions come from? | catabolic reactions |
| The use of amino acids to make proteins is an example of | anabolism |
| Sulfanilamide is an antimicrobial drug that mimics the shape of an important substrate for a particular bacterial enzyme, thereby inhibiting the enzyme. This type of inhibition is known as | competitive inhibition |
| The molecule that an enzyme acts upon is known as its | substrate |
| Which of the following statements concerning glycolysis is TRUE? | It both requires the input of ATP and produces ATP. |
| Where is the most ATP generated for most eukaryotic cells? | in the mitochondrial matrix |
| How many ATP molecules can be produced from the NADH generated by the catabolism of a molecule of glucose | 30 |
| Which of the following types of carrier molecules is NOT found in electron transport chains? | hemoglobin |
| Which of the following statements about fermentation is true? | It is an alternative way to return electron carriers to their oxidized state. |
| What is the role of pyruvic acid in fermentation? | It takes the electrons from NADH, oxidizing it back into NAD+. |
| What is the fate of the NAD+ newly regenerated by fermentation? | it returns to glycolysis to pick up more electrons |
| Which of the following is an acid produced by fermentation? | Lactic acid and propionic acid |
| What is the intermediate product formed by pyruvic acid during alcoholic fermentation? | Acetaldehyde |
| Where would you expect to find electron transport chains in a prokaryote? | Along the plasma membrane |
| According to the animation, which compounds provide electrons to the system? | NADH and FADH2 |
| According to the animation, what does oxygen get reduced to at the end of the electron transport chain? | Water |
| according to the animation what does the electron transport chain do to the concentration of hydrogen ions (protons)? | The concentration of protons is higher outside the membrane than inside. |
| The concentration of protons is higher outside the membrane than inside. | chemiosmosis |
| Which of the following is NOT an end product of fermentation? | NADH |
| Carbon dioxide is a by-product of which of the following? | the Krebs cycle |
| The metabolic processes called fermentation use an organic molecule as | a final electron acceptor. |
| During glycolysis, glucose is converted to ________, a molecule that can be used in either fermentation or respiration pathways. | pyruvic acid |
| Reactions that are both catabolic and anabolic are amphibolic. | True |
| Membranes containing the photosystems necessary for photosynthesis are called | thylakoids |
| What is the major product of the Calvin-Benson cycle that can then be used to form glucose? | glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
| What is the role of light energy in photosynthesis? | To produce a proton gradient to make ATP |
| Which of the following is used in photosynthesis by both plants and cyanobacteria? | Water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide |
| What molecule is used to capture light energy? | chlorophyll |
| Noncyclic photophosphorylation employs which photosystem(s)? | Both photosystem I and photosystem II |
| What is the fate of electrons in noncyclic photophosphorylation? | Reduce NADP+ to NADPH |
| What is the fate of the NADPH molecules created during noncyclic photophosphorylation? | They are used in the Calvin-Benson cycle. |
| Why is the Calvin-Benson cycle also termed the "light independent reactions" of photosynthesis? | Sunlight is not directly needed to carry out this process. |
| What is the source of the electrons that reduce 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid? | NADPH |
| What is the key product formed by the Calvin-Benson cycle? | G3P |
| How many of the six G3P’s produced in one cycle are used to make one molecule of glucose? | one |
| According to the animation, what is the net total (gain or loss) of ATP after one cycle? | Loss of nine |
| Lipases break down | lipids |
| The Pentose Phosphate Pathway is an example of | nabolism |
| According to the animation, oxidative phosphorylation is a | catabolic process |
| According to the animation, the reactions that occur between glucose and pyruvic acid can either be | anabolic or catabolic |
| Why is ATP required for glycolysis? | ATP makes it easier to break apart glucose into two three-carbon molecules. |
| Glycolysis literally means | sugar splitting |
| How many net ATPs can be made from one molecule of glucose in glycolysis? | TWO |
| What carbon molecules remain at the end of glycolysis? | Pyruvic Acid |
| Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true? | Glycolysis is also called the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. |
| Bacterial growth is defined as | increase in bacterial cell population |
| In which phase is the rate of cell death equal to the rate of cell growth? | Stationary Phase |
| Why is cell growth typically graphed logarithmically? | Cell growth is rapid, and plotting the log of the number of cells versus the generation on a logarithmic graph produces a linear graph. |
| Why might cells begin to die at a faster rate than new cells are made? | Lack of nutrients and an increase in cellular waste products. |
| Which statement about bacterial growth is true? | When the log of the number of cells is plotted versus the generation, the graph is linear. |
| Which of the following types of culture media would best be used by a veterinarian to grow any bacteria in a blood sample? | enrichment media |
| Which of the following would you expect to be a function of MacConkey agar? Mark all that apply. | inhibit the growth of certain bacteria -- change the color of some organisms based on their metabolic characteristics |
| A large percentage of antibiotics and semisynthetic drugs are produced by members of the genus | Streptomyces |
| Why is penicillin regarded as the first TRUE antibiotic? | It is produced naturally by an organism |
| A physician has determined that a patient has a type of pneumonia caused by the genus Mycoplasma. Which of these antibiotics would NOT be effective in combating this infection? | ampicillin |
| __________ cells would be expected to be the most susceptible to the action of polyene drugs such as amphotericin B, while __________ cells would be the least susceptible. | fungal : bacterial |
| Which of these is NOT true of an enzyme? | An enzyme raises the activation energy of a reaction |
| Which of the following drugs inhibits nucleic acid synthesis specifically in prokaryotes? | quinolones |
| Trimethoprim is an example of | antimicrobials which inhibit metabolic pathways |
| Why do antimicrobial agents active against mycobacteria have to be administered for months or years? | because mycobacteria reproduce very slowly |
| The mechanism of action of erythromycin is | inhibition of protein synthesis |
| Which of the following drugs specifically targets cell walls that contain arabinogalactan-mycolic acid | isoniazid |
| Beta-lactam drugs act by inhibiting formation of the cytoplasmic membrane | FALSE |
| Which of the following is NOT a beta-lactam antibiotic? | vancomycin |
| Amphotericin B is an antifungal drug which disrupts | inhibition of cell wall synthesis |
| What is meant by selective toxicity? | Chemotherapeutic agents should act against the pathogen and not the host. |
| Why are chemotherapeutic agents that work on the peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria a good choice of drug? | Humans and other animal hosts lack peptidoglycan cell walls. |
| Why is polymyxin only used on the skin? | It can also damage living human cell membranes, but the drug is safely used on the skin, where the outer layers of cells are dead. |
| It can also damage living human cell membranes, but the drug is safely used on the skin, where the outer layers of cells are dead. | DNA gyrase |
| Why is it difficult to find good chemotherapeutic agents against viruses? | Viruses depend on the host cell's machinery, so it is hard to find a viral target that would leave the host cell unaffected. |
| Beta-lactam antibiotics have an effect on which of the following types of cells? | bacterial cells |
| Methicillin is an example of the β-lactam class of drugs which | inhibit cell wall synthesis |
| Which of the following is NOT a direct mode of action of antimicrobial drugs? | inhibition of flagella formation |
| A(n) ________ drug is effective against a wide variety of pathogens. | broad-spectrum |
| Disruption of the normal microbiota can result in infections caused by which of the following microbes? | Candida albicans, Mycobacterium, and Clostridium difficile |
| Which of the following groups of drugs can become incorporated into the bones and teeth of a fetus? | tetracyclines |
| An antimicrobial disk on a Kirby-Bauer plate that shows no zone of inhibition indicates that the microbe being tested is __________ to the drug. | resistant |
| Which of the following statements about the zone of inhibition is FALSE? | The larger the zone, the more resistant the organism is. |
| Which of the following can result when antibiotic therapy disrupts the normal microbiota? | both pseudomembranous colitis and thrush |
| Put the following routes of administration in order, from the route that results in the highest concentration of drug in the bloodstream to the route that results in the lowest concentration: a. topical b. intravenous c. oral d. intramuscular | B…D….C…A |
| Another term for the Kirby-Bauer test is the | diffusion susceptibility test |
| Infection of the ________ would be the hardest to treat with antimicrobial drugs. | brain |
| Extrachromosomal pieces of DNA called ________ promote horizontal transfer of genes among bacteria and contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance. | R-plasmids |
| β-lactamase production is an example of which of the following types of resistance? | inactivation of the drug |
| Which of the following activities can be shown to increase resistance among microbial populations? | taking antibacterial drugs for viral infections |
| The cooperative activity of drugs such as beta-lactam antibiotics and clavulanic acid, a β-lactamase inhibitor, is known as | synergism |
| Clavulanic acid could be used to prevent resistance which of the following antibiotics in a drug formulation? | penicillin |
| Some bacterial cells are resistant to a variety of antimicrobials because they actively pump the drugs out of the cell. | TRUE |
| It is inappropriate to prescribe antibacterial agents to treat colds or flu because | these diseases are caused by viruses |
| An environment may contain some microbes and still be considered sterile. | TRUE |
| A chemical agent that kills pathogenic microbes in general is a(n) | germicide |
| Which of the following is NOT a desirable characteristic of an ideal antimicrobial agent? | it only arrests growth of vegetative cells. |
| An antimicrobial chemical used on the skin is usually called a(n) ____________. | antiseptic |
| Aseptic means | free of pathogens |
| Objects to be disinfected or sterilized need to be cleaned first because ____________ | organic materials can interfere with these procedures |
| Put the following microbes in order of their resistance to antimicrobial agents, from least to most resistant: a. prions b. enveloped viruses c. mycobacteria d. Gram-negative bacteria | B…D…C…A |
| The decimal reduction time is the time required to kill all the microbes in a given sample | FALSE |
| UV light has the most effect on protein structure | FALSE |
| Milk that can be stored for months at room temperature has been treated by which of the following methods? | ultrahigh-temperature sterilization |
| Which of the following is NOT an effective means of sterilization? | lyophilization |
| Compared to moist heat methods, dry heat needs which of the following in order to sterilize effectively? | increased time and higher temperature |
| ________ is the process of freeze-drying microbes to preserve them.| | Lyophilization |
| The dairy creamer used in restaurants is usually sterilized by | UHT sterilization |
| Which of the following types of radiation is nonionizing and has the shortest wavelength? | ultraviolet light |
| Which of the following would be used to sterilize a mattress? | ethylene oxide |
| Betadine is an example of which of the following groups of antimicrobial agents? | halogens |
| Hydrogen peroxide does not make a good antiseptic for open wounds because ____________. | catalase in human tissues neutralizes it |
| Lysol is an example of which of the following groups of chemical antimicrobial agents? | phenolics |
| By themselves, soaps have only degerming activity, not antimicrobial activity. | true |
| Which of these is NOT true of an enzyme? | An enzyme raises the activation energy of a reaction |
| Which of the following molecules serves as the short-term recyclable energy supply for a cell? | ATP |
| In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is __________. | oxygen |
| Catabolic reactions are chemical reactions that __________. | break large molecules apart |
| Denaturation is most often a problem with which of the following? | proteins |
| Which of the following is LEAST likely to be catabolized by microorganisms? | CO2 |
| In photosynthetic bacteria, the light-dependent reaction __________. | involves an electron transport chain |
| Which of the following is NOT TRUE of glucose? | Glucose is a product of aerobic respiration |
| The electron transport chain __________. | is located in the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria |
| Oxidative phosphorylation __________. | uses energy from a proton motive force to add phosphate to ADP |
| A molecule that gains an electron from another molecule will experience ____________________ in its overall electrical charge, and becomes ________. . | a reduction, REDUCED |
| Hydrolysis reactions __________. | are catabolic |
| Deamination is __________. | the removal of an amine group from an amino acid |
| Glycolysis __________. | transfers electrons from a substrate to NAD+ |
| All bacteria __________. | require energy in order to survive |
| Beta-oxidation __________. | is the process used by many bacteria to catabolize fatty acids |
| All of these statements are correct descriptions of bacterial metabolism EXCEPT __________. | metabolic processes can be isolated within certain parts of the cell, such as lysosomes |
| Which of these is NOT a product of photosynthesis in bacteria? | CO2 |
| The site of photosynthesis within a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell is the __________. | chloroplast |
| The Calvin-Benson cycle __________. | occurs in the cytoplasm of photosynthetic bacteria |
| All of the following are associated with the process of glycolysis EXCEPT __________. | production of NADPH |
| What is the major function of fermentation? | It regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis. |
| In eukaryotic cells, all of the following processes occur in the mitochondrion EXCEPT __________. | glycolysis |
| ATP is made by substrate-level phosphorylation only during glycolysis. | false |
| In feedback inhibition pathways, the end-product of the pathway is usually an inhibitor of the last enzyme in the pathway | false |
| The first compound formed in the Krebs cycle is oxaloacetic acid. | false |
| Which of the following is NOT a possible form of regulation of metabolism in bacteria? | isolating enzymes within membrane-bound regions, such as lysosomes |
| Which of these statements is NOT true of the electron transport chain? | The electron transport chain in eukaryotes is located on the outer mitochondrial membrane. |
| Which of the following is NOT a possible product of fermentation? | NADH |
| Some bacteria use electrons carried by NADH to generate light instead of ATP. | True |
| Which of the following contributes to osmotic pressure in a cell? | water |
| Organisms that use light as their energy source and carbon dioxide as their carbon source are considered __________. | photo-AUTO-trophs |
| An aerotolerant anaerobe is a bacterium that __________. | is able to detoxify oxygen, but does not use it for its metabolism |
| Which of these would NOT be considered a growth factor for bacteria | phosphorus |
| Why is NADH an important growth factor for microorganisms? | It serves as an electron carrier in energy-producing pathways |
| All of the following can possibly denature proteins EXCEPT __________. | temperatures below the minimum growth temperature |
| Organized collections of bacteria that attach to surfaces and are associated with many disease processes are called __________. | biofilms |
| which of the following is NOT a methods for isolating a pure culture? | lyophilzation |
| A pure culture of bacteria is typically derived from | a colony-forming unit |
| Which of the following is an inorganic carbon source? | carbon dioxide |
| Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a complex medium? | The exact chemical composition is known |
| In which of the following solutions would a cell become crenated? | hypertonic solutions |
| Which of these statements does NOT describe differential media? | Differential media favor the growth of some organisms while inhibiting the growth of others. |
| The majority of bacteria reproduce using __________. | binary fission |
| Which growth phase occurs first, after placing an inoculum into a nutrient broth? | lag phase |
| Which of these is NOT a direct method of measuring microbial reproduction? | turbidity |
| An obligate anaerobe __________. | can be cultured in a GasPak |
| Bacteria that grow in high salt concentrations are termed __________. | halophiles |
| A chemostat ______ | is a device that maintains a bacterial culture in a particular phase of growth |
| Quorum sensing is __________. | a process used by bacteria to detect population density and activate genes for new characteristics |
| Which of the following is NOT a toxic form of oxygen? | hydroxide ion |
| The majority of bacteria and archaea have not or cannot be grown in the laboratory. | true |
| Why is agar a useful substance in the microbiology lab? | Agar does not solidify until it cools to about 40°C. |
| When performing serial dilutions and viable plate counts, the concentration of microorganisms is usually expressed as number of bacteria per milliliter. | false |
| All of the following are associated with the streak plate method of isolation EXCEPT __________. | colonies will be found growing at and below the surface of the medium |
| The MPN (most probable number) method of measuring microbial growth is one of the easiest and quickest methods. | false |
| Direct methods of measuring microbial growth are more accurate than indirect methods | false |
| Which of the following statements concerning nitrogen is FALSE? | Nitrogen is rarely a growth-limiting nutrient. |
| A psychrophile might grow best in which of the following environments? | a refrigerator |
| When the three-dimensional structure of a protein is disrupted, this phenomenon is called __________. | denaturation |
| Which of these methods allows the fewest microorganisms to remain? | sterilization |
| Which of the following methods would damage or destroy endospores? | autoclaving |
| Which of the following microbes was first discovered due to its ability to pass through a filter? | viruses |
| Which of the following types of solutions results in the cellular phenomenon known as crenation? | hypertonic |
| When a molecule is oxidized, it has ____________. | lost an electron |
| Which of these statements is NOT correct regarding ionizing radiation? | Ionizing radiation has a longer wavelength than non-ionizing radiation |
| Which of the following methods would not kill or remove Mycobacterium, which has large amounts of waxy lipids in its cell wall? | 70% ethyl alcohol |
| Microbial death is defined as ____________. | the permanent loss of reproductive ability under ideal conditions |
| Cytoplasmic membranes are disrupted by all of the following, EXCEPT __________. | UV Light |
| Which of the following would be most likely to reproduce within a refrigerator or freezer? | psychrophiles |
| Creating holes in a cell's cytoplasmic membrane kills the cell because __________. | it causes the membrane to become completely permeable |
| UV light kills cells because it damages which of the following? | DNA |
| Which of the following is the most reactive and toxic form of oxygen? | the hydroxyl radical |
| Which of the following is the best indicator of how a particular method of control will work on a given species of microorganism? | in-use test |
| Which of the following is NOT a halogen | mercury |
| Which of the following would kill bacteria? | germicide |
| Which is the lowest biosafety level to require that all microbial manipulations be carried out in HEPA safety cabinets? | BSL-3 |
| Which of the following would not destroy prions? | alcohol |
| Which of these microbes is least susceptible to microbial control agents? | prions |
| Which of the following chemical microbial control agents is the most hazardous to use? | ethylene |
| Water that is boiling rapidly is a better disinfectant than water kept at a slow boil. | false |
| Which of the following organisms would still be present in a solution sterilized by filtration through a filter with 0.45 μm pores? | viruses |
| Which of the following items would typically be sanitized? | restaurant utensils |
| Antimicrobial agents that disrupt the cell membrane will also damage __________. | the viral envelope |
| Control agents that contain heavy metals work by binding to cysteine molecules in microbial proteins | true |
| Which of the following types of antimicrobial agents is capable of sterilization after long periods of exposure? | aldehydes |
| Some species of bacteria can actually live within quat-type disinfectants | true |
| Acanthamoeba is a protozoan that lives in freshwater and can cause eye inflammation in people wearing contact lenses. | true |
| Sterilization using an oven requires either higher temperatures or longer times than autoclaving to achieve the same result. | true |
| Which of these does NOT relate to the work of scientist Paul Ehrlich? | penicillin |
| What makes antimicrobial drugs that target bacterial cell walls so valuable? | Human cells don’t have cell walls |
| Antisense nucleic acid molecules are _________. | a strand of nucleic acid complementary to a molecule of mRNA |
| What is unique about antimicrobial drugs that work best to treat infections caused by the genus Mycobacterium? | They must be taken for a much longer period of time |
| In this chapter you will read about a type of antimicrobial drug called a nucleotide analog. How does this type of drug work? | it prevents DNA replication |
| An antimicrobial drug that changes the shape of the 30S ribosomal subunit will __________. | prevent translation in prokaryotes |
| All of the following are mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance can be spread through bacterial populations EXCEPT ___________. | translation |
| A molecule that mimics the three-dimensional shape of the enzyme's substrate and interferes DIRECTLY with the substrate's binding to the active site is called a(n) __________. | competitive inhibitor |
| Broad spectrum antibiotics are _______ to contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance | more likely than narrow spectrum antibiotics |
| A drug that prevents cells from making proteins might be expected to interfere with the proper functioning of which of the following? | ribosomes |
| Which of the following is NOT a correct description of antibiotics? | The first true antibiotic was mass produced in the late 1800s. |
| A drug that inhibits the growth of protozoan cells would NOT be expected to affect which of the following cell structures? | The cell wall |
| Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for resistance to an antimicrobial drug? | create more binding sites for the antimicrobial drug |
| __________ are small, circular DNA molecules found in many prokaryotic cells that carry genes to help them withstand the effects of an antimicrobial drug. | R-plasmids |
| An antimicrobial drug that is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor most likely affects __________. | viruses |
| Who discovered penicillin | fleming |
| Which method of drug administration would achieve the highest concentration of the drug in the bloodstream in the shortest amount of time? | intravenous administration |
| An antibiotic that inhibits the transport of NAM and NAG molecules will affect what process in a bacterium? | cell wall synthesis |
| MRSA stands for ___________. | methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
| Which of these would NOT be a mechanism of action of an antiviral drug? | inhibit cell wall synthesis |
| The lowest concentration of a drug that results in killing of susceptible bacterial cells is the MIC. | false |
| Which of the following is NOT a form of antibiotic resistant microorganism? | VRA |
| The Etest combines elements of a diffusion susceptibility test and an MIC test. | True |
| Which of these statements best describes the mechanism of action of antisense nucleic acids? | Antisense nucleic acids bind to mRNA of the pathogen and prevent ribosomal attachment. |
| A Kirby-Bauer test involves which of the following? | paper disks containing standard concentrations of drugs |
| β-lactamases protect which of the following from damage by antimicrobial drugs | the cell wall |
| Quinolones target which of the following molecules? | DNA gyrase |
| All of the following are mechanisms of action associated with drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis EXCEPT __________. | They dismantle existing peptidoglycan molecules. |
| Why are some drugs that inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria also harmful to humans? | Eukaryotic mitochondria have 70S ribosomes |
| Why is chemotherapy against Mycobacterium species so problematic? | They grow and reproduce very slowly |
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