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Estimating exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| excavation | angle of repose, stepped or inclined |
| shoring | holds back excavation walls |
| slurry wall | more expensive, becomes part of foundation |
| underpinning | making the foundation stronger by either adding onto it or putting deeper caissons under it |
| what is the most common type of foundation failure | excessive differential settlement |
| differences in materials for foundations | bedrock, sedimentary rock, gravel, sand, clay |
| excavation support | bracing- crosslot, rakers, and tiebacks slurry wall shoring- soldier beams and lagging with sheet piling soil mixing-putting a mixture of concrete in with soil |
| when to use watertight barrier in stead of well points | insufficient capactiy to hold back water, restrictions on groundwater disposal, power outages, cause water settling under other surrounding buildings |
| why do we use deep foundations | to transfer the load to deeper competent soil that won't fail |
| what soil conditions favor the use of belled caissons | only when the bell can be excavated in a cohesive soil like clay to keep its shape until concrete is poured |
| what soil conditions favor piles over caissons | non cohesive soils, subsurface water conditions, or excessive depth |
| what type of piles are used to improve existing foundations | minipiles are driven through the existing foundation |
| what waterproofing to be used on a foundation with many complex shapes | liquid waterproofing |
| what waterproofing to be used on a foundation that is subject to movement | sheet membranes |
| what waterproofing to use on existing foundation with access only from inside | integral waterproofing- made of cementitious plaster or crystalline admixtures |
| difference between waterproofing and dampproofing | dampproofing-coating intended to resist the passage of water waterproofing- material acting as a barrier to water and able to resist hydrostatic pressure |
| components of typical foundation drainage system | crushed stone, drainage mat, perforated drain pipe, sump and pump |
| most common types of masonry units | modular, standard |
| what are the molding processes used in manufacturing bricks | sof mud- moist clay pressed into rectangular shapes dry press- dry clay pressed into metal forms at high pressure stiff mud- clay passes through a vacum sucking out air and then put through a rectangular die |
| functions of mortar | cushion masonry units. watertight seal, adheres bricks together, important appearance factor |
| ingredients of mortar function of each ingredient | aggregate- makes in cohesive strength portland cement- bonding agent in the mortar lime- make it workable |
| outside to outside edge, outside to inside edge, inside to inside | subtract 1,, = , add 1 |
| what are the major types of stones and how do they differ | granite- hard strong and durable. the most permanent limestone- easy to work with but susceptible to frost damage sandstone- highly durable, suitable for paving and wall openings slate- hard stone with closely spaced cleavage |
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