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Adult Hlth 2 Test 2
Kidneys Part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ___ is the abrupt deterioration of renal function over hours to weeks that results in azotemia | Acute Renal Failure-Definition |
| ____ results in fluid and electrolyte alterations; leads to decreased urine output; can be reversible if it is caught & treated early; and is ALWAYS a complication of another illness or trauma | Acute Renal Failure |
| What is the major cause of death in acute renal failure | Infection |
| T/F approximately 50-80% of people with acute renal failure die | True |
| T/F If a pt has acute renal failure and they require dialysis there mortality rate is 60-90% | True |
| If a pt has both sepsis and acute renal failure what is the mortality rate | 74% |
| If a pt has trauma & surgery & acute renal failure what is the mortality rate | 70 |
| ____ is build up of waste products, increased BUN and CR without outward symptoms or renal failure | Azotemia |
| ___ is increase in waste products with outward signs and symptoms of renal failure | Uremia |
| ____: urine output < 100mL/24 hrs | Anuria |
| ____: Urine Output < 400 ml/24hrs | Oliguria |
| ____: Urine output > 2L/24hrs | Polyuria |
| What does ARF stand for | Acute Renal Failure |
| What are the three categories of causes of ARF | Pre-Renal; Intrarenal; and Post-renal |
| ____: Decreased blood flow to the kidneys causes ischemic damage to the nephrons. Cuases about 20% of ARF cases | Pre-Renal Failure |
| ___: Disease and/or damage to the renal parenchyma. Causes about 70% of cases. ATN responsible for about 45% of ____ failure | Intrarenal Failure |
| ____: caused by obstruction anywhere in the urine collecting system. Causes about 10% of ARF cases | Post-renal |
| In ____ transient hypoperfusion; hyptension; decrese CO; and decreased effective arterial blood volume occurs | Pre-renal |
| In ___ acute interstitial nephritis, acute glomerulone phritis, acute tubular necrosis etc . occurs | Intrarenal |
| In ___ obstruction of urinary tract occurs | Postrenal |
| ___-third space fluid sequestriation such as capillary leakage, edema, vasodilation, liver failure | Hypovolemia |
| Hemorrhage/dehydration, burns, V, diarrhea, excessive use diuretics, glycosuria are ___ causes of ARF | Prerenal causes oDecreased cardiac output, shock, CHF, PE, anaphylaxis, pericardial tamponade, sepsis, renal artery occlusion or dissecting aneurysm are all causes of___ |
| In ___ the physical findings are related to the underlying problem; urine Na is low; urine osmolality is high; Bun elevated, CR w/in normal limits and BUN/CR ratio is 30:1 | Prerenal ARF |
| What does ATN stand for | Acute Tubular Necrosis |
| Acute interstitial nephritis; Exposure to nephrotoxins; Acute glomerulonephritis; Renal trauma; and ATN are all causes of ____ | Intrarenal (Intrinsic) Renal Failure |
| There are 2 types of ATN: Acute Tubular Necrosis, what are they | Ischemic & Nephrotoxic |
| ____-injury to the basement membrane of the nephron tubule due to prolonged hypoxia | Ischemic ATN |
| ____-injury to the epithelial membrane of the nephron tubule | Nephrotoxic ATN |
| Analgesics: NSAIDS; Anesthetics: Enflurance; ACE inhibitors; Antimicrobials: Acyclovir, Cephalosporins, Tetracycline; Contrast media; Chemotherapy; Pesticides& solvents are all examples of ___ | Nephrotoxins |
| When the kidneys get damaged you see more dilute ___ and higher concentration of ____ | When the kidneys get damaged you see more dilute urine and higher concentrated Na. |
| ____develops because kidneys cannot transform it to useable stuff, what other electrolyte imbalance occurs | Hypercalcemia; Hyperkalemia |
| ____History : Any hypotension or exposure to nephrotoxic drugs or radiographic procedures | Intrarenal History |
| _____Physical: Intrinsic nephron damage alters fluid and electrolyte balance. A decreased ability to excrete excess fluid and waste | Intrarenal Physical |
| s/s of fluid retention, S3, edema and pulmonary congestion occur in ____ | intrarenal |
| Oliguria and fatue occur in ____ | Intrarenal |
| HTN develops due to fluid retention and impaired RAAS function in what | Intrarenal |
| In ___ there is increased BUN/CR ration; Specific gravity <1.010; UA: + protein, RBCs, eosinophils and casts; Serum K+ > 5.0 mEq/L, C++<9.0; ACIDOSIS: pH <7.4 HCO3 < 22 | Intrarenal Lab findings |
| ___ is urinary tract obstruction that leads to back pressure; back pressure causes interstitial edema and necrosis of nephrons; Severity depends on if the obstruction is unilateral, bilateral, partial or complete & how long it lasts | Postrenal Failure |
| Benign prostatic hypertrophy; Renal Calculi; Neurogenic bladder-spinal cord injuries & DM pts most often; Blood clots; tumors; and retroperitoneal fibrosis are all causes of ___ | Postrenal Failure |
| What are the 4 phases of ARF | Onset; Oliguric; Diuretic; and Recovery phase |
| What is the normal output of urine | 1-2L |
| What phase of ARF is the following: Begins with the precipitation event & lasts until oliguria develops; Usually lasts 12-24hrs; and is Reversible if recognized & treated early | Onset phase of ARF |
| When does the oliguric phase begin after injury and how long does it last | Begins 12-24hrs after injury and lasts 1-3 weeks |
| ___ progresses to nephron damage and is characterized by urine output of 100-400 mL/24 Hr that does not respond todiuretics or fluid challenges | Oliguric Phase of ARF |
| In what phase of ARF does renal function improve | Diuretic phase |
| Onset can occur over several days; __ can result in output of 10L/day and can lead to fluid and electrolyte deficits. What phase is it | Diuretic Phase |
| How long does the diuretic phase of ARF last | Lasts 2 wks to 2 months |
| In what phase of ARF does renal function may continue to improve for the next 12 months; BUN & CR return to baseline | Recovery Phase |
| Is the renal status very vulnerable to injury in the recovery phase | Yes |
| In the ____ e of ARF 30% will have residual tubular damage | Recovery Phase |
| What is the primary nursing prevention and intervention of ARF | Promptly identify and treat underlying causes: monitor vitals, daily wts and I&O |
| Optimize preload: keep well hydrated; Increase urine output: cautious use of diuretics; and maximize cardiac outpn what phase do you have the pt on fluid restriction and they may require dialysis | The Oliguric phase of ARF |
| The Therapeutic management of what phase is electrolyte imbalances-correct hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia | Oliguric phase |
| What are the possible dietary changes that would be therapeutic management for the oliguric phase | Increased calories & carbohydrates, increased calcium, restrict potassium, phosphorus, sodium and protein |
| Prevention of infections is a therapeutic management of ___phase of ARF: watch for S/S of infection & keep away from others with infection. Wash Hands!!! | Oliguric Phase |
| The therapeutic management of ___ is to maintain adequate fluid volume and electrolyte balance (Labs monitored & e- replaced as needed) because they may lose large amount of fluid | Diuretic Phase of ARF |
| In the Recover phase you want to monitor kidney function studies. Why | Residual renal insufficiency may be noted |
| In the Recovery phase you want to plan care to provide rest periods why | They have less energy and stamina than before the illness |
| In the recovery phase avoid nephrotoxic drugs and dyes. Why | The kidneys remain very vulnerable to additional damage during this time |
| What do you want to monitor in the Recovery phase | Their underlying problems |
| How much kidney damage must their be before SOB occurs | 50% |
| When do you see things going down hill/problems in kidneys | When there is 80% of damage |
| What is the #1 cause of renal failure | DM |
| What is the #2 cause of renal failure | HTN |
| Can acute renal failure lead to chronic renal failure | Yes |
| ___ is a slow, progressive loss of renal function due to nephron damages | Chronic Renal Failure |
| ___ progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) once the pt requires renal replacement therapy | Chronic Renal Failure |
| What does CRF stand for | Chronic Renal Failure |
| DM, Inflammatory (Glomerulonephritis), infections (Pyelonephritis), toxins, Obstructions, congenital and renal vascular disease are all causes of ____ | Chronic Renal Failure |
| What are the 3 stages of CRF | Stage I: Diminished Renal Reserve…Stage II: Renal Insufficiency…Stage III: End Stage Renal Disease |
| In what stage of CRF is there 50-75% of nephrons damaged | Stage 1: Diminished Renal Reserve |
| In what stage of CRF are the pts usually asymptomatic and may have polyuria and nocturia | Stage 1: Diminished Renal Reserve |
| In what stage of CRF are the BUN & CR levels normal and it often goes undiagnosed at this stage | Stage 1: Diminished Renal Reserve |
| In what stage of CRF is there >75% of nephrons destroyed | Stage II: Renal Insufficiency |
| In Stage ____ polyuria and nocturia continue due to decreased ability to concentrate urine | Stage II: Renal Insufficiency |
| In Stage ____ metabolic waste begins to accumulate leading to increased BUN & CR; Rated as mild, moderate or severe depending on GFR | Stage II: Renal Insufficiency |
| In what stage of kidney failure > 90% of nephrons are destroyed | Stage III: ESRD or Kidney Failure |
| In Stage ___ of kidney failure GFR falls, usually below 15 mL/min/1.73 m and the person is unable to excrete waste products such as urea nad creatinine that accumulate in the blood = Uremia | Stage III ESRD |
| Oliguria and anuria develop in what stage of kidney failure | Stage III ESRD |
| Specific gravity is dilute and fixed in what stage of renal failure | Stage III: ESRD |
| What is the GFR in stage I renal failure | >90 |
| What is the GFR in stage II renal failure | 15-89 |
| What is the GFR in stage III renal failure | <15 or dialysis |
| Decreased GFR leads to ____ | uremic syndrome |
| What is uremic syndrome | Decreased H leads to metabolic acidosis; decreades K+ excretion leads to hyperkalemia; decreased Na+ & H2O excretion leads to HTN & fluid retention… |
| Fever, Malaise, anorexia, N, Mild neural dysfunction & Uremic pruritis are all manifestations of ___ | Uremic Syndrome |
| What is the #1 cause of death in kidney failure | Cardiovascluar Disease |
| Do you want to ever give a pt with kidney failure magnesium | NO NEVER |
| With Renal failure parathyroid gland kicks in when Ca+ and phosphate aren’t produced enough and ___ occurs | Secondary Hyperparathyroidism occurs |
| What are the systemic effects of Uremia | Osteomalacia (Rickets); Bone pain, arthritic symptoms; Spontaneous fractures; Bone demineralization; and Hypocalcemia/hyperhosphatemia leads to prolonged QT interval, bradycardia, decreased contractility, hypotension, weakness & tetany |
| In ___ the wall of bones are thinned. Ca+ binds to phosphorus and is precipitated out into the tissue | Calcinosis |
| T/F Pericarditis is one of the major causes of kidney failure and diuretics are only used in the early stage | True |
| Pediatric pts are __x more likely to die from cardiac disease | 3x |
| How do you treat Calcinosis or skeletal problems | Increase dietary intake of Ca+ & decrease phosphorus intake; administer Ca+ & Vit D supplements; and administer phosphate binders such as Phosio (Calcium acetate) or Renagel (Sevelamer) |
| What are the cardiopulmonary effects of uremia | HTN; Pericarditis w/ fever; Pulomonary edema, CHF; Chest pain; Pericardial friction rub; Kussmaul’s respirations; Hyperlipidemia |
| In a chest x-ray of a pt with ureamia what do the red blood cells look like | They are see through |
| What pts get never ending hiccups | Pts with cardiopulmonary uremia |
| What is the treatment of cardiopulmonary complications | Control HTN w/ fluid restrictions & a low Na+ diet; Give antihypertensive and antihyperlipidemia meds; Monitor I&O, daily wts; diuretics are used only in the early stages of CRF; Dialysis |
| Encephalopathy: fatigue, decreased attention and problem solving are all neurological effects of ___ | Uremia |
| Peripheral neuropathy: pain, burning or loss of protective sensation are all neurological effects of ____ | Uremia |
| Loss of motor coordination, twitching, stupor and coma are all neurological effects of ____ | Uremia |
| Decreased erythropoietin production by the kidneys leads to anemia are all hematological effects of ___ | Uremia |
| Uremic toxins, iron and folic acid deficiencies lead to decreased RBC survival time are all hematological effects of ___ | Uremia |
| Uremic toxins impair platelet function and increases bleeding times are all hematological effects of ___ | Uremia |
| N, V, Anorexia, hiccups, Diarrhea/constipation, Stomatitis/mouth ulcers, Gastritis, peptic ulcers & GI bleeding, and changes in taste and uremic fetor (urinous breath) are all gastrointestinal effects of ___ | Uremia |
| Pruritus-affects 15-50% of CRF Pt.’s and 50-75% of dialysis patients are all integument (Skin) effects of ___ | uremia |
| Dry, yellow skin; Decrease skin turgor; & Ecchymosis are all integument (skin) effects of ____ | uremia |
| Soft-tissue calcifications is an integument (skin) effects of ____ | uremia |
| Uremic frost (urea crystals on the skin) is an integument (skin) effect of ___ | Uremia |
| Increased risk of infections, especially can lead to sepsis and death due to suppression of ill-mediated immunity, reduced number and function of lymphocytes and phagocytes are all immunological effects of ___ | Uremia |
| Sexual dysfunction, Menorrhagia, Amenorrhea, Infertility, Decreased libido are all reproductive effects of ___ | Uremia |
| alnutrition can occur in ___ | Uremia |
| T/F Diet in CRF is a challenge & requires the assistance of a dietitian to help prevent catabolism, a negative nitrogen balance and malnutrition | True |
| Nutrition & ___ Diet: Increase calories & carbohydrates if allowed; decreased protein intake; Increase Ca & iron intake; Decrease Na+ &phosphorus intake | Nutrition & RENAL Diet; CRF |
| What are the supplementations of CRF | Daily multiple vit; Low protein diet are usually deficient in vit. & water soluble vit are removed from blood during dialysis; Iron supplements; Anorexia sometimes requires the pt use supplemental nutrition shakes |
| When do you want to give CRF pts their meds | AFTER Breakfast or they will fill up with meds and not eat |
| What are some psycho-social Issues of CRF patients | Quaility of life; Dealing w/ depression & alterations in body image & changes in roles & relationships w/in support system; Demands of dialysis regimen & cost of care & meds |
| What is the incidence/prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in America | 13 million Americans; 85% women |
| What is the incidence/prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in nursing home residents | 50% |
| What is the 2nd leading cause of institutionalization of elderly | Urinary Incontinence |
| What % of the older adult community have urinary incontinence problems | 15-30% |
| What % of Urinary incontinence can be improved and treated | 80% |
| Stress; urge; overflow; mixed; functional; transient causes; and Permanent causes are all different types of ____ | Urinary Incontinence |
| Why do medications contribute to urinary incontinence in the elderly | Antidepressants, sedatives, harder to wake up and get there. Diuretics |
| Why do diseases contribute to urinary incontinence in the elderly | Arthritis strokes limits their abilities to go to the bathroom. Vision-can’t see the toilet |
| Why does depression contribute to urinary incontinence in the elderly | You don’t care about getting up |
| How does having inadequate resources contribute to urinary incontance problems in the elderly | Can’t fit thru the door with wheel chair, toilet needs to be higher |
| What is the association between social isolation and urinary incontinence | Often they go hand in hand; can’t wear close fitting clothing; noise; the uncomfortable feeling of being wet… |
| What questions would help determine if a cl has a problem with incontinence | Do you have problems with wetting the bed… |
| In assessing a female pt with urinary incontinence what do you inspect | The external genitalia; urethral or uterine prolapsed; cystocele; and rectocele |
| Strait Catheter may be the only way to check for ____ | Residual volume in a urinary incontinent pt |
| In ___ incontinence there is a full bladder and the external muscles are weakened | Stress Incontinence |
| Avoid smoking, alcohol, spicy foods all of which can irritate the bladder as well as a UTI in what incontinence | Stress incontinence |
| How does cranberry juice and blueberry juice prevent urinary tract infections | ½ cup cranberry juice eeps bacteria from attaching to the cell wall. |
| How do you manage stress incontinence | Diary keeping; Kegel exercises; Diet; bladder training program (exercises, adequate fluid intake, accessibility to a toilet, & scheduled voiding times); Vaginal cone therapy; medications |
| What do medications do to manage stress incontince | They are used to relax the bladder & increase bladder capacity; Beta-adrenergic blocking agents (Inderal)-not recommended; and Estrogen for post-menopausal women |
| Surgery is only recommended in stress incontinence if what | They have tried everything else |
| How is urge incontinence managed | Behaviroal interventions; Drug therapy; Diet (same as stress); Exercise; Electrical stimulation; NOT SURGERY |
| What drugs would you give to manage urge incontinence | Anticholinergics –oxybutynin (Ditropan); Tricyclic antidepressants with anticolinergic & alpha-adrenergic agonist activity-Imipramine (Tofranil) |
| What is the leading cause of bladder CA | Smoking |
| What drink makes you go and you get a headache due to dehydration | Alcohol |
| What kinds of exercises help with urge incontinence | Skin Kegal exercises |
| To manage ___ & ___ incontinence surgical removal of the prostate gland is beneficial | Reflex & Overflow |
| Drugs are only a short term management of ___ & ___ incontinence | Reflex & Overflow |
| Intermittent catheterization (self-cath); Bladder compression (Crede method or Valsalve maneuver); and splinting all help to manage ___ &___ incontinence | Reflex & Overflow |
| Treat reversible causes of ____ incontinence | Functional (Chronic intractable) incontinence |
| To manage ___ incontinence applied devices (pessaries or penile clamps); containment; and catheterization are all used | Functional (chronic intractable) incontinence |
| T/F they sell more depends then they do huggies | True |
| If ___ is a psychogenic orgin deal w/ embarrassment, increased dependence, and self-image | Urinary Incontinence |
| The following are all support groups for ____: National Association for continence (NAFC); Simon Foundation for continence; AHRQ; Bladder Health Council; National Association for Continence; Local support groups | Incontinence |
| ___ & ___ stones are the most painful things you can have | Gallbladder and Kidney stones |
| Kidney stones can form in 3 places in the kidneys what are they | Minor and major calyces of the kidney and in the ureter |
| If a person has a kidney stone what do you want to give them | Massive amounts of IV morphine-demerol…. |
| What % of the population will have a kidney/gallbladder stone | 10% |
| Kidney stones are more common in ___ while ___ have more uric acids stones than any other race | Kidney stones are more common in caucacasions while jewish men have more uric acid stones than any other race. |
| T/F Kidney stones are more common in the summer | Yes due to dehydration |
| ___ means that the bladder is not emptying completely | Urinary Stasis |
| Supersaturatioon of urine (dehydration)-calcium crystals; infection; presence of foreign body or urinary diversion (obstruction) are all etiologies and risk factors for ____ | Urinary Calculi |
| Family Hx; metabolic disease; intake of excess calcium, uric acid, medications or vit D are all risk factors for ____ | Urinary Calculi |
| Do urinary calculi occur more in men or women | Men |
| Urinary Calculi recur at a rate of ____(calcium oxylate) | 35-50% |
| Calcium oxalate is one type of calculi and occurs in about ___% of cases | 45-85% |
| Calcium phosphate is one type of calculi and occurs in about ___% of cases | 80% |
| Struvite is one type of calculi and occurs in about ___% of cases | 10-15% |
| Uric acid is one type of calculi and occurs in about ___% of cases | 5-8% |
| Cystine is one type of calculi and occurs in about ___% of cases | 1-2% |
| What is the most common type of stone | Calcium Oxylate Stones |
| Conditions that cause high calcium levels such as___ increase the risk of Calcium Oxylate stones | Hyperparathyroidism |
| To Treat ___ give medications such as thiazide diuretics, orthophosphate, all o purinol and vitamin B6 | Calcium oxylate stones |
| If you have a Calcium oxylate stone try to decrease some of the ___ in your diet, but carefully because ___ | Try to decrease some calcium in your diet but carefully because you don’t want it from your bones |
| ___ is always associated with urinary tract infections with urease splitting bacteria (Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas & less commonly, Staphylococcus aureus) | Struvite Stones |
| ___ precipitates out in low pH (5.5) | Uric acid |
| ___ is the result of protein (purine) metabolism | Uric acid |
| Treat ___ with dietary purine restriction, urinary alkalinization, and allopurinol | Uric acid Stones |
| Uric acid is higher in men or women | MEN |
| Which type of kidney stone is a genetic disorder that requires lifelong treatment and has sulfer that contains amino acid that doesn’t dissolve well | Cystine stones |
| ___ is a genetic autosomal recesive defect and acidic urine predisposes a pt to them | Cystine Kidneys stones |
| Treat ___ by increasing fluid intake, limit protein intake, & increase urine pH | Cystine Kidney Stones |
| ___-excruciating spastic type pain | Renal colic |
| Clinical manifestations of ___ are renal colic; oliguria or anuria; hematuria; abdominal or flank pain; location of stone determines type of pain; mild shock (fever, chills, N,V); s/s of UTI | Staghorn calculi |
| Pain can be referred to the legs, pelvis it all depends on where the ___ is | Stone |
| Low urine output to no urine output means what | The stone is in the urethra (small opening to outside of the body) |
| In cl with renal calculi, what does oliguria progressing to anuria suggest | That the stone is has progressed to the urethra |
| Urinalysis &/or culture; BUN, CR; Urinary pH; IVP or retrograde pyelogram; ultrasound; cystoscopy; KUB are all lab and radiographical studies for ____ | Renal calculi |
| What is the therapeutic management of a acute attack of renal calculi | Treat pain (narcotics, NSAIDs, Antispasmodics); Fluids 3000-4000 mL/day; Ambulation; and identify the stone |
| T/F Stones can be removed surgically, endosopic or lithotripsy | True |
| What is lithotripsy | Laser or extracorporeal shock-wave |
| Nephrolithotomy; pylolithotomy; ureter olithotomy; ureteral catheters are all ways to surgically remove ___ | Renal calculi |
| ___-proveds drainage from kidney to bladder | Ureteral stents |
| ___ is a minimally invasive surgery that requires general anesthesia and is placed using cystoscopy and fleuoroscope | Ureteral stents |
| With calcium oxalate stones you want to avoid mega doses of vit c; calcium; black pepper; and foods high in oxalate. What type of foods contain oxalate | Tea, chocolate, cocoa, instant coffee, ovaltine, nuts, spinach, asparagus, cabbage, tomatoes, beets, rhubarb, celery, parsley, runner beans |
| If a pt has uric acid stones you want to alkalinize urine and limit foods high to moderate amount of purines. What type of foods are high in purines | Sardines, herring, mussels, liver, kidney, goose, venison, meat soups, sweet breads |
| What type of foods contain a moderate amount of purines | Chicken, salmon, crab, veal, mutton, bacon, pork, beef, and ham |
| Preventing ___ is the first step and you monitor their ___ | Preventing uric acid stones is the first step and you monitor their pH of urine |
| T/F pee often, the more you pee the less likely you will get a UTI | False The more you pee the less likely you WON’T get a UTI |
| Prevention is the first step to preventing Stones. What do you do to prevent them | Monitor high risk pts, teach clinical manifestations; drink more H2O; Change diet; Prevent immobilization (ROM); Monitor urinary pH and Medications (uric acid stones) |
| Overflow urinary incontinence; UTIs; Calculi; and ultimately – renal insufficiency are all complications of ___ | BPH-Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia |
| Chronic inflammation of prostate gland; General metabolic & nutritional factos; Contribution of ATHEROSCLEROSIS; systemic hormonal alteration (aging is a major contributing factor) are all possible etiologies of ___ | BPH |
| Be sure to obtain urinalysis/culture; CBC; BUN & serum CR; prostate-specific antigen (PSA) when a pt has ____ | BPH |
| A KUB and IVP are radiographic studies that can show if a person has ___ | BPH |
| Urodynamic studies; cystourethroscopic exam; and checking for residual urine to see if a pt has ____ | BPH |
| Monitor BUN and CR; Ultrasound; Frequent ejaculation; Hot sitz baths/Prostatic massage; Treat infections such as prostatitis or UTI and Catheter insertion PRN are all nonsurgical managements of ___ | BHP |
| 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors and alpha-blockers are medications that treat ____ | BPH |
| What does 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors due | Blocks the growth of the prostrate and shrinks it; works more slowly 3-6 months; Finesteride (Proscar) or dutasteride (Avodart) |
| What does Alpha-blockers do | They shrink the prostrate; 30% of the prostrate is smooth muscle; may cause orthostatic HTN; Usually see a change in 3-4 days; Tamsulosin (Flomax) |
| If you have BPH you want to prevent overdistention of the bladder how | Avoiding alcohol, caffeine, diuretics; avoiding drinking large amt of fluid in short period of time; voiding as soon as urge is felt |
| If you have BPH avoid urinary retention by avoiding _____, all of which will make you retain urine!!! | Anticholinergics; antihistamines; decongestants |
| How do we know when the pts need surgical removal of the prostrate | Severe urinary infection, kidney stones, severe or prolonged hematureia |
| If a pt is on Nephrotoxic substances and has acute renal failure what is the mortality rate | 10-26% |
| ____ means thickening or scarring. | Sclerosis means thickening or scarring. |
Created by:
cgwayland