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Metabolism (biology)
Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Metabolism is what? | sum of all of an organism's chemical reactions. |
| Why is metabolism needed? | to allow growth, reproduce, maintenance of structures, and response to environments. Plus producing or using energy. |
| What are the two types of metabolic pathways? | catabolic and anabolic. |
| Catabolic pathways? | breakdown, the products are energy and smaller molecules. |
| What is an example of a catabolic pathway? | cellular respiration because it breaks down sugar to get energy. |
| Anabolic pathways? | building, uses energy, the products are bigger molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, & carbohydrates. |
| What is an example of an anabolic pathway? | photosynthesis. |
| What is kinetic energy? | is energy associated with motion. |
| What is heat (thermal) energy? | is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms and molecules. |
| What is potential energy? | is energy that matter possesses. |
| What is chemical energy? | is potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction. |
| Energy can be what? | converted. |
| What is thermodynamics? | is the study of energy transformations. |
| What is the first law of thermodynamics? | energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. |
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? | every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe. |
| What is an exergonic reaction? | causes a release of free energy and is spontaneous. |
| What is an endergonic reaction? | absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non spontaneous. |
| A cell does three main kinds of work, what are they? | chemical, transport, and mechanical. |
| What does ATP stand for? | adenosine triphosphate. |
| ATP is composed of what? | ribose (sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups. |
| What are the three types of cellular work? | mechanical, transport, and chemical. |
| Mechanical, transport, and chemical cellular work are powered by what? | by the hydrolysis of ATP. |
| The coupled reactions are what? | exergonic. |
| ATP drives endergonic reactions by what? | phosphorylation. |
| What is a catalyst? | a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
| The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called what? | the activation energy. |
| How does an enzyme lower the Ea barrier (activation energy)? | enzymes catalyze reactions by lower the Ea barrier (activation energy). |
| What is a substrate? | the reactant an enzyme acts on. |
| What is an enzyme-substrate complex? | the enzyme bound to the substrate. |
| What is an active site? | the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds. |
| What is an induced fit? | brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction. |
| The active site can lower an Ea (activation energy) by? | orienting substrates correctly, straining substrate bonds, providing a favorable microenvironment, & covalently bonding to the substrate. |
| How can you speed up an enzymatic reaction? | add heat & add substrate. |
| An an enzyme's activity can be affected by what? | temperature, pH, salt/ion concentration, hydrophobia, & other chemicals that specifically influence that enzyme. |
| What are other things that affect enzyme function? | cofactors & enzyme inhibitors. |
| What are cofactors? | nonprotein enzyme helpers. |
| Organic cofactors= | coenzymes. |
| Examples of enzyme inhibitors are what? | toxins, posions, pesticides, & antibiotics. |
| Competitive inhibitors bind to what? | to the active site of an enzyme. |
| Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to what? | to another part of an enzyme causing the enzyme to change shape & making the active site less effective. |
| What is an allosteric regulation? | can inhibit or stimulate an enzyme's activity. |
| What is cooperativity? | form of allosteric regulation & can amplify enzyme activity. |
| In feedback inhibition the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway. True or False? | True. |
| The feedback inhibition prevents a cell from what? | wasting resources by synthesizing more than it needs. |
| Mitochondria: | cell respiration. Membrane- cristie, inbetween spaces. |
| Chloroplast: | photosynthesis. |
| The second law of thermodynamics essentially says? | entropy increases. |
| The energy required to destabilize existing chemical bonds is called what kind of energy? | activation. |
| What is an uncharacteristic of ATP? | it is good long-term energy storage molecule. |
| The most primitive form of metabolism is what? | the degradation of organic molecules with the released energy stored in ATP. |
| The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be? | converted. |
| The universal energy currency for all cells is what? | ATP. |
| Enzymes do what? | lower the activation energy of a reaction. |
| To what category of macromolecules do most enzymes belong? | proteins. |
| NAD plus is an what? | coenzyme. |
| What is a reduced compound? | NADH. |
| In an endergonic reaction, | the reactants contain less free energy than the products. |
| The energy of random molecular motion is called what? | heat. |
| The energy available to do work in a system is called? | free energy. |
| The initial steps in breaking down glucose are called? | glycolysis. |
| A catalyst will make a reaction? | speed up. |
| When molecules are reduced they gain? | energy, electrons, and hydrogen atoms. |
| True or False? Enzymes: some substrates can make enzymes change shape slightly. | True. |
| Cofactors do what? | help facilitate enzyme activity. |
| Why do drastic changes in the temperature or pH of a system alter enzyme activity? | they change the three-dimensional shape of the enzyme, disrupt hydrogen and ionic bonds in the enzyme, & disrupt hydrophobic interactions in the enzyme. |
| The loss of an electron by a molecule is called what? | oxidation. |
Created by:
danreid