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Gunpowder Empires
Safavids, Ottomans, and Mughals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What was the Ottoman army of 30,000 elite soldiers who were slaves loyal to govt? | janissaries |
| Who attacked Constantinople in 1453 and conquered Byzantine Empire? | Ottomans |
| What is an Ottoman ruler called? | sultan |
| Who was the greatest sultan who came to power in 1520? | Suleyman the Magnificent |
| What kind of power did Suleyman have at the height of his reign? | Most powerful king in the world |
| Why was Suleyman nicknamed Suleyman the Lawgiver? | He created a simplified and fair tax system to raise money for the empire. |
| What did he do for Jews and Christians? | Granted them religious freedom in empire. |
| What culural aspects flourished under Suleyman? | art, architecture and poetry |
| What sultan actions lead to weaker leaders? | killing of competent brothers and jailing of competent sons |
| What was the Ottoman Empire nicknamed as by the start of World War I because of weakness? | "sick man of Europe" |
| What was the dominant religion of Ottomans? | Sunni Muslim |
| What religion and religious beliefs did the Safavids have? | Strict Shia Muslims who forced conquered peoples to convert. |
| What was the origin of the Safavids? | Turks in Persia |
| Where did Safavids build their gunpowder empire? | Modern day Iran |
| What was a Safavid ruler called? | shah (Persian title for king) |
| Who was the greatest ruler of the Safavid Empire that came to power in 1587? | Shah Abbas |
| What methods did Shah Abbas borrow from other empires? | janissaries, merit for employment, relig. toleration with Europe for trade |
| What art flourished in the Safavid Empire? | Carpets with Persian and European designs |
| What did Shah Abbas do to his sons and brothers? | killed and blinded them |
| What led to a rapid decline of the Safavids? | weak leaders |
| What was the origin of Mughals? | Turks, Afghans, and Mongols in Central Asia |
| With what did the Mughals build a powerful empire? | guns and cannons |
| Who became king of the Mughals in 1494? | Babur |
| What did Babur do when he became king? | He expanded army and began invasions into India to expand empire. |
| Who was Babur's grandson that became king in 1556 and expanded into almost all of India? | Akbar |
| What were Akbar's greatest achievements? | relig. toleration, cultural blending, and getting rid of non-Muslim tax so a fair tax system was created. |
| Why did Akbar allow non-Muslims to worship freely? | He was a Muslim ruling in a largely Hindu region. |
| What was the name of Akbar's new faith? | the Divine Faith |
| What religions did the Divine Faith incorporate? | Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism |
| What did Akbar hope the new religion would do? | end Muslim vs. Hindu conflicts |
| What happened when Akbar died? | the Divine Faith died with him |
| What were famous Mughal paintings called? | miniatures |
| Who built the Taj Mahal in 1631? | Shah Jahan (Mughal) |
| Why did the Mughal Empire become weak by 1700? | kings spent too much on palaces and war |
| What did Hindus begin to do during Mughal decline? | revolt against Muslim rulers |
| Who took over the empire and conquered India from the Mughals? | Great Britain |
| What did all three declines allow European nations to do? | dominate Asia |
| What was a warrior for Islam called? | ghazi |
| What was a leader of the ghazis called? | emir |
| Who was the most successful ghazi? | Osman (Othman) |
| What were Othman's followers called and where was their empire? | Ottomans on Anatolia Peninsula (Turkey) |
| Who were the first to use cannons as offensive weapons? | Ottomans |
| Who was Othman's son who was the first to declare himself a sultan? | Orkhan I |
| What did Orkhan capture? | Adrianople |
| What was wrong with Timur the Lame? | arrow shot to his leg |
| What did Timur burn to the ground? | Baghdad |
| Who started Ottoman Empire expansion? | Murad II |
| Who capture Constantinople and appointed a new patriarch? | Mehmed II |
| What was millet Turkish for? | religious community |
| What empire was subdivided into millets? | Ottoman |
| What were the original three millets? | Muslim, Christian and Jewish |
| By the 20th century, how many millets were there? | 17 |
| Who was in charge of the millets? | One leader per millet had official authority as long as it didn't conflict with laws. |
| What system was used to insure a loyal bureacracy and military? | devshirme system |
| What did the devshirme system help keep weak? | nobility |
| Who was drafted into the empire using the devshirme and what did they convert to? | Christians; converted to Islam. |
| Who was the founder of Safavid Empire and what was his religion? | Ismail; follower of Twelver Shia Islam |
| What religion did the Safavids become? | Shia Muslim |
| What empire fell to Britain? | Mughal |
| Where were some sons of Safavid kings locked in? | isolated in luxury castles |
| What empire had the matchlock, cannon, sword, elephants, and composite bow as weapons? | Mughal |
| Who was emperor of Mughals in 1628 that murdered all rivals and ordered Taj Mahal? | Shah Jahan |
| Where did Shah Jahan spend his last eight years? | captive in the Red Fort |
| Who was the last of the great Mughal emperors? | Aurangzeb |
| Where did Shah Abbas build a new capital for the Safavids? | Esfahan |
| What does sultan mean? | overlord or one with power |
| Who defeated the Safavids at Battle of Chaldiran? | Selim the Grim |
| What was the tax on non Muslims in the Mughal Empire? | jizya |
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