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Basic Chemistry
Basic Chemistry- A&P 2A
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | anything that occupies space and has a mass, composed of atoms and elements (solids, liquid, gas) |
| Mass | amount of matter packed in that space |
| Energy | capacity to do work or put matter into motion |
| Kinetic Energy | resulting in action or movement (bouncing ball) |
| Potential Energy | stored energy, inactive (rubberband) |
| Chemical energy | stored in chemical bonds (released when bonds are broken) (ex. ATP broken down to ADP) |
| Electrical energy | movement of charged particles (used by nervous and muscular system) |
| Mechanical Energy | involved in movement (used by muscular and skeletal system) |
| Radiant or Electromagnetic Energy | energy contained in light waves or any other form of radiation |
| Atoms | small particles that make up matter and elements, composed of smaller subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) |
| Elements | composed of only one type of atom, cannot be broken down into simpler substances |
| Ion | charged atoms which gain or lose electrons (+ or - charge) (used for nerve impulses and muscle contractions) |
| Isotope | neutral atoms which have lost or gained neutrons |
| Radioisotopes | heavier isotopes which decompose to become more stable (useful in science and medicine) |
| Radioactivity | release of energy and matter that results from changes in the nucleus of an atom |
| Compound | 2 or more kinds of atoms bonded together |
| Organic Compounds | Large, must contain carbon and hydrogen (often contains oxygen or nitrogen) (Carbs, lipids, proteins) |
| Inorganic Compounds | Small, simple, essential to the body. Any substance in which 2 or more elements other than carbon are combined (water, salt, acids, bases) |
| Water | 60-80% of cell volume, absorbs and releases heat |
| Water can form COLLOIDS with: | particles too large to dissolve (oil), mixture stays in suspension, particles never fall out |
| Water is used as a REACTANT in: | hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis(add or remove water to make a bond) |
| Water acts as: | a cushion (between joints, spine, and fluids) |
| Salts | a compound that dissociates to form ions (other than H+ or OH-), hardens bones and teeth and can be stored for later |
| Acid | substances that release Hydrogen ions (H+) in water |
| Base | Substance that bind H+ |
| Bicarbonate Ions | Not Hydroxide, but they bind H+ |
| Neutralization Reaction | Mixing of acid and a base to form salt and water |
| pH | measurement of acidity and basicity (Acid=0, Base=14, Neutral=7) |
| Buffers | Molecules that maintain stable pH in the the body (can bind or release Hydrogen) |
| Normal blood pH is: | 7.35-7.45 pH |
| Carbohydrates | Sugars and starches, main energy source for body cells, contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (2x hydrogen as oxygen, H2O) |
| Monosaccharides | Simple sugars, 3-7 carbon atoms (glucose, fructose, galactose) |
| Disaccharides | 2 sugars bonded together (double sugar) (maltose, lactose, sucrose), formed by Dehydration Synthesis |
| Polysaccharides | Chains of sugars formed by Dehydration Synthesis |
| Glycogen | stored glucose released by enhanced muscle activity |
| Lipids | Fats, waxes, and oils, not water soluble (carbohydrate) |
| Lipids contain | Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but less oxygen than carbohydrates |
| Fats | Large molecules, 3 fatty acids bonded to 1 glycerol |
| Fats store: | fuel in the body |
| Fats are located: | under the skin and around the organs |
| Saturated Fatty Acids | Hold as many hydrogens as it can possibly hold, thicker oils, no double or triple bonds between carbons |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | doesn't hold as many hydrogens as it can, thinner oils, 1 or more double or triple bonds |
| Phospholipids | lipids with a phosphorus group (part of cell membrane) |
| Steriods | Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and cortisol |
| Eicosanoids | Derived from fatty acids (prostoglandins-induce labor contractions) |
| Proteins | Large molecules composed of (more than 50) chains of amino acids and polypeptides |
| Primary structure of protein | linear sequence of amino acids in proteins |
| Secondary structure of protein | coiling of the amino acid chain |
| Tertiary structure of protein | helix of pleated sheets fold upon themselves to produce a ball or globular |
| Quaternary structure of protein | 2 or more protein chains form a complex protein (ex. hemoglobin) |
| Protein Denaturation | protein broken down by temperature or pH changes |
| Fibrous Proteins | strand like for support (collagen, keratin, muscle proteins) |
Created by:
kashmirsky
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