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Biol 240W exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Between 80% and 90% of the weight of a plant can be attributed to ___. | water |
| ____ are those elements required in relatively large amounts. | macronutrients |
| ___ is a soil mineral that is most likely leached away during a hard rain. | NO3+ |
| Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of ____ to ___ | N2 (atmospheric nitrogen) , NH3 ammonia |
| ___ ___ is often the limiting factor in plant growth. | Fixed nitrogen |
| The cortex is composed of ___ ___. | ground tissue |
| The phloem is composed of ___ ___. | vascular tissue |
| The xylem is composed of ___ ___. | vascular tissue |
| Guard cells are composed of ___ ___. | dermal tissues |
| The pith is composed of ___ ____. | ground tissue |
| Root hairs are important to a plant because they ____. | increase the surface area for absorption |
| Meristem is ____ tissue, and retains the ability to ___. | embryonic, divide |
| The primary growth of a plant adds ___ and secondary growth adds ___. | height...girth |
| The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily ____. | elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem |
| What is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward? root cap, zone of elongation, zone of cell division, zone of cell differentation, apical meristem | root cap, apical, zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of cell differentation |
| What root tissues give rise to lateral roots? | pericycle |
| Plant meristems are ___ ___ ___ within the plant body. | permanently embryonic regions |
| A vessel element would likely lose its protoplast in which section of a root? | zone of differentiation |
| ___ ___ is lateral meristem that provides cells for secondary growth. | vascular cambium |
| Vascular cambium forms wood toward the stem's ___ and secondary phloem toward the stem's ___. | center, surface |
| When a vascular cambium cell divides, one cell ___ and the other cell remains ___. | differentiates, meristematic |
| Where does the mass of a plant come from? | mostly CO2 and H2O contributes to plant mass |
| ____ ___ is growing plants in the absence of soil | hydroponic culture |
| __, __, and __ make up most of plant's "dry weight", which are derived from ___ and ___ during ___ | C, H, and O, CO2, H2O, photosynthesis |
| The big 3 macronutrients for plants are _, _, and _. | N,P,K |
| __ is often limiting for growth in plants | nitrogen |
| ___ are always co-factors for enzymes or proteins. | micronutrients |
| The _ horizon consists of a mixture of mineral particles, and organic material (dead and alive) | A |
| The _ horizon consists of limited organic material; larger mineral fragments | B |
| The _ horizon consists of little organic material; mix of weathered and unweathered rock | C |
| The most productive soils are ___. | loams |
| ___ ____ allows capture of many nutrients. | cation exchange |
| soil particles have a ___ charge. | negative |
| ___ is the most limiting 'rock-derived' nutrient | phosphate |
| Phosphate availability is a major determinant of ___ ___. | root architecture |
| ___ oxidizes NH4+ to NO2-. | nitrosomonas |
| ___ oxidizes NO2- to NO3-. | nitrobacter |
| ___ is the main form of N taken up by plants. | nitrate |
| ____ mycorrhizal fungi penetrate hyphae directly into cortical cells of root. | abuscular |
| ___ fungi form a dense web surrounding root epidermis. | ectomycorrhizal |
| Plants are developmentally "___" which means that organs are formed in response to environmental cues. | plastic |
| The three basic plant organs: | stems, leaves, roots |
| ___: part of stem where leaves or other lateral organs attach | node |
| ___: region between two nodes | internode |
| ___ ___: 'tip' of shoot where growth and organ differentiation occur | apical bud |
| ___ ___: upper surface of leaf/stem junction has these - can make shoots but most are dormant | axillary bud |
| __ are specialized for anchorage, water scavenging, and mineral uptake. | roots |
| Many dicots use a ___, many monocots and seedless vascular plants do not. | taproot |
| Absorption of water and minerals is largely exclusive to the tips of __ __ - single cells which project from roots | root hairs |
| ___ tissue is found on outer surfaces on most leaves and stems, covered with waxy cuticle | dermal |
| The xylem and phloem consist of ___ tissue. | vascular |
| ___ tissue is typically located in center of stems. | vascular |
| ___: have the ability to turn into any of the cell types given the right cues | totipotent |
| Plants produce organs in response to the ___. | environment |
| ___ ___ zone has root apical meristem at the core. | Cell division |
| __: shrinkage of cytoplasm and detachment from cell wall in hypertonic | plasmolysis |
| Diffusion and active transport through the apoplast, symplast, or transmembrane roots is sufficient for ____-range movement of materials | short |
| Long-distance transport depends upon __ __ through the xylem and phloem | bulk flow |
| Hot, dry, windy conditions ___ transpiration. | increase |
| Guard cell turgor is controlled by regulation of __ __ | K+ uptake |
| ___ cells - Secrete hormones that the pollen tubes can “smell”; function as pollen tube guide | synergid |
| The ___ serves to attach the embryo to parental tissue, and also transfers nutrients from endosperm to embryo | suspensor |
| ___ fruits: develop from a single carpel | simple |
| ___ fruits: actually a cluster of fruits which each developed form a separate carpel | aggregate |
| ___ fruits: from multiple carpels borne on multiple, separate flowers | multiple |
| ___: group of flowers tightly clustered together | inflorescence |
| __ fruits: tissues besides the ovary contribute major portions | accessory |
| Apples and strawberries are examples of ___ fruits. | accessory |
| Pineapples are examples of __ fruits. | multiple |
| Raspberries are examples of ___ fruits. | aggregate |
| __: uptake of water by dried seeds | imbibition |
| __: an individual plant produces both staminate and pistillate flowers. Often, they are spatially separated. | monoecious |
| ___: an individual plant produces only one type of flower...either pistillate or staminate. | dioecious |
| Gametophytic self-incompatibility is determined by genes in the ___ gametophyte. Self recognition usually occurs in the __ after __ __ emergence. | male, style, pollen tube |
| Sporophytic self-incompatibility is determined by __ in the sporophyte which gave rise to the pollen. Self-recognition usually occurs between the __ __ and the __ __. | genes, spore wall, stigmatic surface |
| ___ produces seeds which are genetically identical to the parent in the absence of fertilization. | apomixis |
| ___: fertilization - independent embryo development | parthenogenesis |
| __: production of a female gametophyte without meiosis | apomeiosis |
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