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biology vocab test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 classes of biomolecules | |
| polymer | long molecule consiting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds |
| monomers | the repeating units that serve as building blocks of a polymer are smaller molecules |
| dehydration reaction (condensation) | monomers are connected by a reaction in which 2 molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule |
| hydrolysis | polymers are disassembled to monomers by.. |
| enzymes | specialized macromolecules that speed up the chemical reactions |
| monomer in carbohydrates? | monosaccharides and more complex sugars are built from this. |
| glycosodic linkage | covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |
| polysaccharides | macromolecules, polymers with a few thousand monosaccarides joined by glycosidic linkages. |
| major uses of polysaccharides | strorage material, hydrolyzed as needed to provide sugar for cells, building material for structures that protect the cell, |
| what determines the function of a polysaccharide? | by it's sugar monomers and by the positions of it's glycosidic linkage. |
| starch structure | |
| unique among macromolecules ___ acids are able to serve as templates to produce precise copies of themselves | nucleic |
| three major structural components of an amino acid? | carboxyl group, amino group, r group |
| what tyoe of bond forms between two amino acids during dehydration sythesis? | peptide bond |
| the cells of all living things are composed of ___: very large molecules that contain thousands and in some cases even billions of atoms | macromolecules |
| monosaccharides | are the simplest sugars, monomers that can be joined together to form more complex carbs, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| what determines the function of a protein molecule? | its shape |
| transport forms of sugars are commonly made by linking 2 monosaccharide together to form a | disaccharide |
| condensation reaction? | carb is formed by linking 2 monosaccharides, we get water plus a disaccharide |
| ATP is used to? | power the movement of cells, power transport across cell membranes, drive energetically unfavorable reactions |
| in cells ____directs the synthesis of mRNA which directs the synthesis of ____ | DNA, proteins |
| functions of proteins (4) | transport oxygen in the blood of vertebrates, catalyze chem reactions, play a key role in moving materials with in celss, help body recognize and destroy forign microbes and cancer cells/ |
| phospholipds have ___heads and ___tails | polar heads, non-polar tails |
| phospholipids: | form the core of all biological membranes |
| a long, unbranched chain of amino acids is called a(n)____ | polypeptide |
| relationship between enzymes and environmental conditions. | changing env't conditions may alter the structure of enzymes, usually works best in it's normal functions, changing env't conditions may alter the activity of enzymes |
| which group of biomolecules is the most effiecent for storing energy? | fats and oils |
| nucleic acids are long polymers of repeating subunits called... | |
| what are the building blocks of proteins? | amino acids form chains that make up proteins |
| the covalent bond that joins 2 amino acids is called a ____ bond | peptide |
| the main component of cell membranes | phospholipids |
| some are components of important biological pigments | terpenes |
| long-term energy storage | fats |
| some function as hormones in animals | steroids |
| ex of what. spontaneously form micelles or bilayes in water | phospholipids |
| have a polar head and 2 nonpolar tails | phospholipids |
| consist of glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group | phospholipds |
| a polypeptide is a long unbranched chain of ____ ____ | amino acids |
| the framework or backbone of organic molecules consist predominantly of ____atoms | carbon |
| ____ _____ are long polymers of repeating subunits called nucleotides | nucleic acids |
| long polymers made of monosaccharides that have been linked through dehydration synthesis constitute a typw of macromolecules generally known as _____ | polysaccarides |
| sequence of amino acids...protein structure? | primary |
| three-dimential folding of a single polypeptide | tertiarty |
| interactions between 2 or more polypeptides to form a protein | quaternary |
| alpha helices and beta sheets | secondary |
| what 3 things function primarily as storage polysaccharides? | glycogen, amylopectin, amylose |
| In cells DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of ____ which directs the synthesis of ____ | RNA, protenis |
| repulsion of nonpolar amino acid side chains is an example of what bond? | hydrophobic exclusion |
| formation of a covalent bond between 2 diff amino acide side chains is an ex of what bond? | disulfide bridge |
| attraction between atoms in 2 polar amino acid side chains is an ex of what bond? | hydrogen bond |
| the weakest interaction listed ex of what bond? | van der waals attraction |
| attraction between 2 charged amino acid side chains ex of what bond? | ionic bonds |
| starch vs glycogen? | starch is found primarily in plants, the glucose chains in glycogen are longer and more highly branched |
| the simplest ____are monosaccharides | carbohydrates |
| sterioisomers? | have the same molecular formula, are identical in terms of which atoms are bonded to each other, but differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms |
| the info needed to assemble____ from amino acids is stored and transmitted through generations of organisms in molecules of DNA | proteins |
| small groups of atoms that are attached to larger molecules, giving them specific chemical properties are called: | functional groups |
| molecules are composed of one or more nucleotides? | NAD+, DNA, ATP, RNA |
| many nucleotides are linked together by _____bonds to form a single, unbranched polynucletide chain | phosphodiester |
| what tyoe of bond forms between 2 amino acids during dehydration synthesis? | peptide bond |
| carbohydrate contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the aprroximate molar ratio of: | 1:2:1 |
| during a hydrolysis reaction what happpens? | an H atom is attached to one molecule and an -OH groups is attached to another molecule, large molecule is broken down into 2 smaleer molecules |
| what is chitin? | polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, a substituted versioin of glucose |
| where is chitin found? | in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell wall of fungi, cross linked by proteins to form a tough structural mmaterial |
| glucose and galactose are: | stereoisomers |
| how is info stored in a molecule of DNA? | by varying the sequence of the 4 tyoes of nucletides that maked up each strand. |
| the _____,_____, and _____ structural levels of a protein describe a protein with a single polypeptide chain. | primary,secondary,tertiary |
| two basic types of secondary structure are: | alpha helix and beta sheet |
| bases in RNA | c,g,a,u |
| bases in DNA | c,g,a,t |
| which of the following interactions help determine a protein's tertiary structure? | van der waals attractions, hydrophobic, exclusion, disulfide bridges |
| a liquid oil can be converted into a solid fat by chemically adding ____ | hydrogen |
| how are DNA and RNA molecules different? | only DNA is twisted into a double helix, double stranded, contains the sugar deoxyribose |
| the overall arrangement of the polypeptide chain that makes up a protein is called ____ structure | quaternary |
| a protein's secondary structure is maintained by hydrogen bonds between: | the amino and carboxyl groups within the polypeptide backbone |
| if a single protein carries out several dif functions, such as bindind to a signal molecule and catalyzing a reaction. then each function may be localized in a specific region of the protein called a(n) | domain |
| what are individual polypeptide chains within proteins called? | protein subunits |
| the 5 carbon sugars ___ and ____ are components of nucleic acid | ribose, deoxyribose |
| how can amino acid side chains effect the structure and function of a protein? | are involved in catalysis at the active site of enzymes, play a role in protein folding |
| a particular sequence or combo of 2ndary elements that appears in a variety of diff proteins and is oftern associated with a specific function, is called a(n) | motif |
| cells contain chaperone proteins which help other proteins ____correctly | fold |
| 4 levels of protein structure | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| Although scientists gereally recognize __levels of proteins structure, some proeteins lack ___structure | 4, quaternary |
| peptide bond? | 2 amino acids in a polypeptide chain |
| glycosidic bond? | covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides to for a disacharide |
| dif regions of a protein that carry out specific functions are referred to as? | domains |
| diseases caused by the improper folding of proteins may be due to deficincies in ___ | chaperone proteins |
| help proteins fold into their correct 3D shape | chaperone proteins |
| DNA and RNA similarities | both have phosphate group, pentose sugar, both have base adenine |
| 2 classes of nucleic acids are: | DNA, RNA |
| a liquid oil can be converted into a solid fat by the process of: | hydrogenation |
| of the 4 major groups of organic molecules, ___ exhibit the greatest diversity of structure and function | proteins |
| what type of bonds keep the 2 strands of DNA together? | hydrogen |
| the )))group on one amino acid and the ____group on another amino acid can undergo dehydration reaction to form a peptide bond | amino, carboxy; |
| accurate description of chemical structure of glycerol? | 3 carbon polyalcohol where one hydroxyl group is bound to each ot the 3 carbons |
| purines are? (3) | found in DNA and RNA, nitrogenous bases, double ring molecules |
| RNA and DNA are both ____, which means they are large molecules composed of many similar subunits | polymers |
| what bonds are found in a SINGLE strand of DNA? | phosphodiester |
| 6 carbon sugars? | glucose, galactose, fructose |
| 5 carbon sugars? | ribose, ribulose |
| 3 carbon sugars? | glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone |
| a protein's ___structure is determined by how regions with secondary structure are arranged in space to produce the final overall shape of the polypeptide chains | teriiary |
| saturated fatty acids | have single bonds |
| unsaturated fatty acids | have double bonds |
| fat molecules formed? | glycerol is covalently bound to 3 fatty acids |
| amylopectin? | |
| correct names for fat molecules, one of the majpr groups of lipids? | triglyverides, triacylglycerols |
| each kind of protein has a unique sequence of... | amino acids |
| amylopectin | form os starch, found in plants, branced polysaccharide |
| all steroids contain what type of group? | 4 carbon rings |
| a protein's secondary structure is maintained primarily by? | hydrogen bonds |
| the 3 basic components of a nucleotide are a 5-carbon ___, a ___ group, and a ____ base | pentose, phosphate, nitrogenous |
| nucleotides are linked by ____bonds to form a single unbranced polynucleotide chain | phosphodiester |
| if 4 subunits make up a hemoglobin molecule speerate into 4 individual molecules without losing their individual terirary structure, the process is called | dissociation |
| which of the following is an accurate description of a triglycerids? | one glycerol molecule joined to 3 fatty acids |
Created by:
catherine.fdz