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The elements of reasoning are also known as the:
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The mind drawing conclusions on the basis of reasons defines which process?
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CLC1 - Most Modules

Reasoning and Problem Solving Modules 2-6, 8

QuestionAnswer
The elements of reasoning are also known as the: Parts of thinking and Fundamental structures of thought
The mind drawing conclusions on the basis of reasons defines which process? Reasoning
Which elements of reasoning are operative when we think through a problem? All eight elements
What is the term for the goal or desired outcome of our reasoning? Purpose
What is it called when we take something for granted as true in our reasoning? Assumption
What is said to follow from our reasoning? Implications
Theories are examples of: Concepts
In reasoning, we make __________ based on ___________. Inferences/assumptions
Distinctions between the elements of reasoning are_______ not ________. Relative/Absolute
True or false: The standards of critical thinking must be applied to the elements as the critical thinker learns to develop intellectual traits. True
What best describes activated ignorance? Mentally taking in and actively using false information
In some cases, the conclusions we draw are based on assumptions that operate at a(n) ________ level. Unconscious
What are the three kinds of implications that may be involved in any situation? Possible, probable, necessary
Thinking that is easily understood reflects which of the intellectual standards? Clarity
Reasoning that is specific, exact and sufficiently detailed is said to be: Precise
A logical process of drawing conclusions Inference
Unstated or hidden beliefs that support our explicit reasoning Assumptions
The goal or objective of reasoning Purpose
Being unambiguous and easily understood Clarity
What logically follows from reasoning Implication
Being near to the true value or meaning of something Accuracy
The particular perspective from which something is observed or thought through Point of View
General categories of ideas by which we interpret or classify information used in our thinking Concepts
Being precise or exact Precision
What are questions of fact? Questions with only one correct answer
What are questions of preference? Questions with many possible answers based on subjective preferences
What are questions of judgment? Questions with more than one answer, with some better than others
Which of the 3 types of questions requires critical thinking? Questions of judgment
What are the 8 Elements of Reasoning? Purpose, Question at issue, Concepts, Assumptions, Information, Interpretations, Implications, Point of view
What are the 8 Intellectual Standards? Clarity, Accuracy, Precision, Relevance, Depth, Breadth, Logicalness, Fairness
What is the first Dimension of Decision-Making? Figure out, and regularly rearticulate, your most fundamental goals, purposes, and needs.
What is the second Dimension of Decision-Making? Take problems and decisions one-by-one.
What is the third Dimension of Decision-Making? Figure out the implications of alternatives.
What is the fourth Dimension of Decision-Making? Figure out the information you need and seek it.
What is the fifth Dimension of Decision-Making? Draw reasonable inferences from the information you analyze and interpret.
What is the sixth Dimension of Decision-Making? Figure out long- and short-term options and limitations (time, money, power).
What is the seventh Dimension of Decision-Making? Consider pros and cons of options.
What is the eighth Dimension of Decision-Making? Be strategic in your decision-making.
What is the ninth Dimension of Decision-Making? Monitor the implications of your actions and shift strategy if need be.
What is the first Dimension of Problem-Solving? Figure out and regularly reevaluate your goals, purposes, and needs.
What is the second Dimension of Problem-Solving? Identify your problems explicitly, then analyze them.
What is the third Dimension of Problem-Solving? Figure out the information you need, and actively seek that information.
What is the fourth Dimension of Problem-Solving? Carefully analyze, interpret, and evaluate the information you collect.
What is the fifth Dimension of Problem-Solving? Figure out your options for action and evaluate them.
What is the sixth Dimension of Problem-Solving? Adopt a strategic approach to the problem, and follow through on that strategy.
What is the seventh Dimension of Problem-Solving? When you act, monitor the implications of your action as they begin to emerge.
According to Paul and Elder, what are the two components in strategic thinking? Identification. Recognizing when your thinking is irrational or flawed. Intellectual action. Engaging and challenging your own thinking.
In analyzing causation, successively ruling out non-casual factors until one correct casual factor remains. This is called: Process of Elimination
In analyzing causation, look for a casual factor that is present in one situation but absent in another similar situation. This is called: Single difference method
In analyzing causation, look for a single shared factor. This is called: Common factor method
In analyzing causation, look for a pattern of variation between a possible cause and a possible effect. This is called: Concomitant variation
A systematic, disciplined approach to asking questions aimed at assessing truth. Socratic questioning
A scientist discovered that all laboratory hamsters that had been eating lettuce developed Salmonella poisoning. This is an example of causation by: common factor
In strategic thinking, recognizing when your thinking is irrational or flawed is which component? Identification
In strategic thinking, engaging and challenging your own thinking is which component? Intellectual action
To analyze the logic of an article, one can apply: Elements of Reasoning
The 2 types of evidence are: quantitative and qualitative
What is a A rival cause? A plausible alternative explanation for why a certain outcome happened
Analogy Drawing a comparison between 2 things in order to show a meaningful resemblance between them.
Intuition A hunch, "gut feeling," or premonition
Personal observation What we see first hand
Appeal to authority Justifying a position by citing an expert or authority who supports it
Case example A detailed account of a person or event; a striking or dramatic anecdote
Testimonial An account of someone else's personal experience
Survey/questionnaire A research method or instrument for measuring people's attitudes or beliefs
Research study A systematic set of observations collected through scientific methods
Personal experience What we experience; what we ourselves do or go through
What is Quantitative evidence? Evidence that quantifies an observation or phenomenon—i.e., expresses it as a number or empirical measure. It generally is an outcome of scientific methods
What is Qualitative evidence? Evidence that describes or recounts an observation or phenomenon. It communicates understanding and meaning—why and how something happened. It is the result of unstructured or unscientific gathering of information.
Evidence Information that is provided to support the dependability of a factual claim
Qualitative evidence Evidence that describes the observation or phenomenon and communicates its meaning
Empirical evidence Based on or derived from practical experiment and direct observation
A research study is an example of which kind of evidence? Quantitative
Which kind of evidence describes the meaning (i.e., the why and how) of something? Qualitative
What are some of the difficulties with surveys as evidence? Survey questions are sometimes worded ambiguously, Survey responses don't necessarily reflect the actual beliefs of respondents, and Surveys have built-in biases
Strong analogies entail comparisons between things that have _________ and lack _________. Relevant similarities/relevant differences
Which of the following terms describes a plausible alternative explanation for why a particular outcome happened? Rival cause
Risk reduction can be expressed in _______ and ________ terms. relative / absolute
For statistical data to be valid, the sample must be _______ and sufficiently ________. random / large
If a sample is too small or not random enough, the critical thinker must: be skeptical of the outcome.
The science of collecting, organizing, and analyzing quantitative date Statistics
The average derived by adding up all the values and dividing the sum by the total number of values Mean
The gap between the smallest and the largest values in a series of values Statistical range
The frequency with which each value in a series of values occurs Statistical distribution
A graph that plots the relationship between 2 or more variables by using connected data points Line graph
The total or aggregate of something, expressed as a number without relationship to other numbers Absolute number
The average represented by the middle value in a series of values Median
A study sample that is representative of the whole population Random sample
The value that appears most frequently in a series of values Mode
Incorrect or erroneous information Misinformation
Which of the following graphical forms is well suited to summarizing time series data? Line graph
Which of the following terms expresses the value which appears most frequently in a series of values? Mode
It is impossible to interpret the significance of a percentage without knowing the _________ on which it is based. Absolute numbers
Which report of risk reduction conveys a more significant treatment effect? Relative
____________________ involves developing the tools of critical thinking and applying them to current and future challenges. Deep learning
When is the optimal time for a learner to apply the Elements of Reasoning to the logic of a subject? Before the learner has begun his or her course of study
Inert Information Taking into the mind information, that, though memorized, we do not understand.
Activated Knowledge Taking into the mind, and actively using information that is true and also, when understood insightfully, leads us by implication to more and more knowledge.
ad hominem Dismissing an argument by attacking the person who offers it rather than by refuting its reasoning.
appeal to authority To justify support for a position by citing an esteemed or well-known figure who supports it. An appeal to authority does not address the merit of the position.
appeal to experience Claiming to speak with the "voice of experience" in support of an argument (even when that experience may not be relevant).
appeal to fear Citing a threat or possibility of a frightening outcome as the reason for supporting an argument. This threat can be physical or emotional: the idea is to invoke fear. This is sometimes termed "scare tactics."
appeal to popularity/ popular passions Citing majority sentiment or popular opinion as the reason for supporting a claim. It assumes that any position favored by the larger crowd must be true or worthy.
attacking evidence This approach focuses on discrediting the underlying evidence for an argument and thereby questioning its validity.
begging the question Asserting a conclusion that is assumed in the reasoning. The reason given to support the conclusion restates the conclusion.
denying inconsistencies Refusing to admit contradictions or inconsistencies when making an argument or defending a position.
either-or Assuming only two alternatives when, in reality, there are more than two. It implies that one of two outcomes is inevitable—either x or y.
evading questions Avoiding direct and truthful answers to difficult questions through diversionary tactics, vagueness, or deliberately confusing or complex responses.
faulty analogy Drawing an invalid comparison between things for the purpose of either supporting or refuting some position. A faulty analogy suggests that because two things are alike in some respect, they must be alike in other respects.
hard-cruel-world argument Justifying illegal or unethical practices by arguing that they are necessary to confront a greater evil or threat.
hasty generalization Inferring a general proposition about something based on too small a sample or an unrepresentative sample.
red herring Introducing an irrelevant point or topic to divert attention from the issue at hand. It is a tactic for confusing the point under debate.
search for perfect solution Asserting that a solution is not worth adopting because it does not fix the problem completely.
slippery slope To suggest that a step or action, once taken, will lead inevitably to similar steps or actions with presumably undesirable consequences.
straw man Distorting or exaggerating an opponent's argument so that it might be more easily attacked.
thrown-in statistics The use of irrelevant, misleading, or questionable statistics to support an argument or defend a position.
two wrongs make a right Defending or justifying our wrong position or conduct by pointing to a similar wrong done by someone else.
treating abstracts as reality Citing abstract concepts (freedom, justice, science) to support an argument or to call for action.
Bias A partiality or prejudice that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation
"Reasoning can only be as sound as the ________________ it is based on." information
Actively using information that is false, although we mistakenly think it is true, is an example of: Activated Ignorance
A common problem with applying the critical thinking standard of clarity to information is: the information isn't clear
The implicit beliefs that support our explicit reasoning about something are: assumptions
An unsupported claim is what critical thinking experts refer to as a(n) Opinion
Of the five key factors Jefferson Flanders identifies in evaluating research, which one best addresses tracing the origins of the information? Transparency
Citing majority sentiment or popular opinion as the reason for supporting a claim is an example of: appeal to popularity
Dismissing an argument by attacking the person who offers it rather than by refuting its reasoning is an example of: ad hominem fallacy
Created by: Etharia
 

 



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