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A&P T1 CH 22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 functions of respiration | 1) gas exchange 2) regulate pH 3) voice production 4) olfaction |
| Blood ___ levels determine acidity | Co2 |
| 4 processes of respiration | 1) pulmonary ventilation 2) xternal respiration 3) gas transport 4) internal respiration |
| external respiration consists of: | O2 loading and CO2 unloading |
| internal respiration consists of: | O2 unloading and CO2 loading |
| 2 functional divisions of the respitory system | conducting zone, respiratory zone |
| What is the actual site of gas xchange, consisting of the respitory bronchials, alveolar ducts, and alveoli | respiratory zone |
| What includes the passageways for air to reach the gas exchange site? ALso cleanse, humidify, warm incoming air | Conducting system |
| 2 structural divisions of the respiratory system | 1- upper respiratory tract 2- lower respiratory tract |
| the upper respiratory tract consists of: | nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx |
| the lower respiratory tract consists of: | trachea, bronchii, bronchioles, lungs |
| What ppart of the nasal cavity INCREASES air turbulance by allowing particles to be trapped by mucus | conchae |
| What part of the nasal cavity contains the vibrissae (nose hairs)? | vestible |
| What part of the nasal cavity warms and moistens inhaled air | paranasal sinuses |
| What are the openings of the nasal cavities | nares |
| What organ is commonly called the THROAT | The pharynx |
| 3 regions of the pharynx | 1) nasopharynx 2) oropharynx 3) laryngopharynx |
| What structure prevents swallowed food from entering the nasal cavity | uvula |
| what structure prevents food from entering the air passage | epiglottis |
| The nasopharynx serves only as an _____ passageway | AIR |
| The oropharynx serves as a passageway for.... | AIR and FOOD |
| What ppart of the nasal cavity warms and moistens inhaled air? | paranasal sinuses |
| What ppart of the nasal cavity increaes air turbulence by allowing particles to be trapped by mucus? how many are there | conchae (3) |
| What ppart of the nasal cavity contains the vibrissae (nose hairs) | vestibule |
| 3 regions of the pharynx | 1- naso pharynx 2- oropharynx 3- laryngopharynx |
| the nasopharynx only allows passage of: | AIr |
| The oropharynx and laryngopharynx only allow passage of: | air AND food |
| Aka the throat? | Pharynx |
| Aka the voicebox? | Larynx |
| WHat prevents swallowed food from entering into the nasal cavity? | uvula |
| What prevents food from entering into the air passage? | epiglottis |
| The larynx is made up of _ ____ cartilages exept the _____, which is ____ | 9 HYALINE cartilges except the EPIGLOTTIS, which is an ELASTIC cartilage |
| 2 functional divisons of the respirtatory system | 1- conducting system 2- respiratory system |
| system leading up to and including the terminal bronchials. composed of passageways for air to reach gas xchange sites | conducting system |
| system that is the actual site of gas xchange | respiratory system |
| what is the respiratory system composed of | respiratory bronchioles and alveoli |
| 2 structural divisions of the respiratory system | 1- upper respiratory tract 2- lower respiratory tract |
| Upper respiratory tract composed of (3) | nasal cavaity, larynx, pharynx |
| Lower resp tract composed of (4) | trachea, bronchii, bronchioles, lungs |
| 4 layers of the trachea: | 1- mucosa 2-submucosa 3-hyaline cartilidge 4-adventitia |
| 2 structures in the mucosa: | 1- goblet cells 2-cilia |
| Purpose of the goblet cells: | Secrete mucus |
| Purpose of the cilia: | propel mucus and debris towards the pharynx |
| Smoking paralyzes the: | cilia |
| What smooth muscle fibers connect the cartilage rings of the trachea | trachealis muscle |
| The trachea divides to form the: ____ & _____ _____ ______ | right and left primary bronchii |
| Each primary bronchus divides into: | lobar (secondary) bronchi |
| Smallest bronchi: | terminal bronchioles |
| The lobar bronchi branch into the: | segmental (tertiary) bronchi |
| Passages smaller than bronchi but bigger than terminal bronchioles: | bronchioles |
| trace the passageway into the alveoli starting with the trachea | trachea---primary bronchi---lobar (secondary)---segmental (tertiary)---bronchioles- terminal bronchioles---respiratory bronchioles---alveolar ducts---alveoli |
| What increase the surface are for gas xchange in the lungs? | alveoli |
| What is the site of gas xchange in the lungs? | respiratory membrane |
| The walls of the alveoli are composed primarily of a single layer of ____ ______ cells called ____ _____ _____ ______ | composed of a single layer of SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL cells called TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS |
| Type I alveolar cells make up ___% of the alveolar surface | 90 |
| What do Type II alveolar cells (pneumocytes) secrete? | surfactant |
| What is the purpose of the surfactant secreted by the type II pnemocytes? | reduce surface tension in the alveoli, preventing a collapse |
| The respitory membrane is composed of the ____ _____, separated by the capillary endothelium by the _____ _______ | alveolar endothelium, separated by the basement membrane |
| The lung is surrounded by ______= | pleurae= double layered serosa |
| Intrapulmonary pressure is the P within the ______ | alveoli |
| Intrapulmonary pressure ___ during inspiration and ____ during expiration | INCREASES during inspiration and DECREASES during experation |
| Intrapulomnary P is ALWAYS = with.... | atmospheric pressure |
| What is Intraplueral pressure | P within the pleural cavity |
| Intrapleural P (increases/decreases) and thoracic cavity V ^^^^^ | decreases |
| Intrapleural P is always (positive/negative) WHy? | NEGATIVE. Lungs always want to be @ their smallest possible size |
| What is transpulmonary P: | Intrapulmonary P(Ppul)- Intrapleural P(Pip) |
| Atmospheric pressure = | 760 mm/hg |
| 0 respiratory pressure is = to -4 respiratory P is = to 4 respiratory P is = to | atmospheric pressure: 760 mm/hg 4 mm lower than atmos. P 4 mm higher than atmos. P |
| Intrapleural P is ALWAYS | negative |
| The presence of air in the pleural cavity- | pneumothorax |
| treatment for pneumothorax- | get it out!! |
| 2 inspiratory muscles: | external intercostals and diaphragm |
| Boyles law (formula and words) | P1V1= P2V2 If volume increases, pressure decreases If volume decreaes, pressure increases |
| 5 mechanics of INSPIRATION | 1-inspiratory muscles CONTRACT 2-Thoracic cavity V INCREASES 3- intraplueral P DECREASES 4- Lungs are stretched (intrapulmonary V INCREASES) Intrapulmonary P DECREASES 5. Air--> lungs |
| As Thoracic cavity V and Intrapulmonary V increase, what happens to the intrapleural and intrapulmonary Pressures? | DECREASE |
| 5 mechanics of expiration | 1- inspiratory muscles RELAX 2- Thoracic cavity V decreases--> intrapleural P increases 3- Intrapulmonary V decreases--->intrapulmonary P increases 5. air flows out |
| What happens to the intrapulmonary pressure when it rises during expiration? | it becomes higher than Atmospheric pressure- pushing air out of the lungs |
| V of Air in and out during NORMAL QUIET breathing | Tidal Volume TV |
| Tidal Volume is... | the V of air in and out during NORMAL QUIET BREATHING |
| V of inspired air during FORCED inspiration BEYOND Tidal volume | Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
| V of expired air during FORCED expiration BEYOND tidal volume | Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
| What is residual volume? | V of air in lungs after forced expiration |
| Total V of air that can be inspired after a FORCED inspiration | Inspiratory capacity |
| Amnt of air left in lung after NORMAL expiration | Functional residual capacity |
| What is vital capacity? | Total amnt of exchangeable air |
| What is the total amnt of air the lungs can hold? | Total lung capacity |
| Formula for minute ventilation= | Resp. rate x Tidal volume |
| The total amnt of air that flows in and out of the resp. system in 1 minute. is it all usable? | Minute ventilation- NO! |
| What is anatomical dead space? | Amnt of air stuck in a conducting zone |
| What is the alveolar ventilation rate? What does it represent? | Resp. rate X (tidal volume-dead space) total amount of FRESH AIR that flows in and out of the resp system in 1 min |
| What does the partial pressure gradient say? | that gas xchange at pulmonary and systemic capillaries is via PASSIVE DIFFUSION of O2 & CO2 |
| what does Dalton's law say | Air P is the sum of the partial pressures of all gasses present |
| During EXTERNAL respiration, O2 is ____ from the ____ to the blood, while CO2 is _____ from the blood to the ____ | O2 is LOADING from the alveoli to the blood, while CO2 is UNLOADING from the blood to the alveoli |
| During INTERNAL respiration, O2 is ____ from the blood into the ___ , while CO2 is _____ from the blood from the ___ | O2 is UNLOADING from the blood into the MUSCLES, while CO2 is LOADING to the blood from the muscles |
| The amount of gas entering the alveoli | ventilation |
| the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries | perfusion |
| What controls ventilation? | P CO2 |
| How was PCO2 control ventilation? | by BRONCHIOLAR diameter |
| What controls perfusion? | P O2 |
| How was P O2 control perfusion? | by ARTERIOLAR diameter |
| Bronchioles servicing areas where alveolar CO2 is high _____ | DILATE |
| Bronchiols servicing areas where alveolar CO2 is low ______ | constrict |
| If alveolar ventalation is inadequate, local P o2 is ____ | Low |
| If alveolar ventalation is maximal, local P o2 is ______ | high |
Created by:
avc0004